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History - Crime & Punishment > Enforcing Law and Order - Topic 3 > Flashcards

Enforcing Law and Order - Topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

who was responsible for policing before 1500?

A

the communities

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2
Q

OVERVIEW - ENFORCING LAW AND ORDER BEFORE THE 16TH CENTURY
what was raising the hue and cry? (policing before 1500)

A

calling on villagers to chase a criminal (failure to do so resulted in a fine)

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3
Q

OVERVIEW - ENFORCING LAW AND ORDER BEFORE THE 16TH CENTURY
what were tithings? (policing before 1500)

A

adult men in groups of 10. if one member broke the law then it was the responsibility of the others to catch the culprit and take him to court

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4
Q

OVERVIEW - ENFORCING LAW AND ORDER BEFORE THE 16TH CENTURY
what would county sheriffs do once appointed? (policing before 1500)

A

they would form a posse comitatus (all men over 15) to chase a criminal when villagers failed to do so. The sheriff also investigated major crimes

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5
Q

OVERVIEW - ENFORCING LAW AND ORDER BEFORE THE 16TH CENTURY
when were county coroners appointed and what would they do? (policing before 1500)

A

appointed in 1190 and enquired into violent or suspicious deaths

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6
Q

OVERVIEW - ENFORCING LAW AND ORDER BEFORE THE 16TH CENTURY
what were trials like before 1500?

A

county courts were set up with a JP and each village had a manor court for minor cases

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7
Q

OVERVIEW - ENFORCING LAW AND ORDER BEFORE THE 16TH CENTURY
what were the laws of hywel dda?

A
  • He was a welsh ruler in the 10th century who wrote Wales’ first legal system
  • The laws were used for civil cases until 1540
  • Put responsibility for enforcing law and order collectively
  • The laws set out a system of compensation for victims of various crimes
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8
Q

EARLY/MODERN PERIOD (16th/17th centuries)
what was a JP? what was their role?

A
  • Usually main local landowners
  • Saw it as part of their social responsibility to enforce law and order however they did the role mainly for prestige
  • Organising road and bridge repairs, checking weights and measures in shops, licensing ale houses, - supervising poor relief
  • Led parish constables and watchmen
  • Arrested and interrogated suspects and decided punishment
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9
Q

EARLY/MODERN PERIOD (16th/17th centuries)
what was a parish constable? what was their role?

A
  • Appointed by JP for a year
  • In addition to a person’s day job (unpaid role)
  • Usually local tradesmen or farmers
  • Keep order in ale houses, arrest those who have committed crimes, punish vagabonds, keep the peace in the parish and impound stray farm animals.
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10
Q

EARLY/MODERN PERIOD (16th/17th centuries)
what was a watchmen? what was their role?

A
  • Not paid, all men expected to volunteer
  • Patrolled streets on a nightly basis
  • Role = call out the weather & time and help get drunkards home
  • Known as ‘charlies’ after 1663 when King Charles II set up a force of paid watchmen
  • Identified by heavy coat, lantern and bell
  • The paying of watchmen marked a significant change away from communities policing themselves.
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11
Q

EARLY/MODERN PERIOD (16th/17th centuries)
when was the Acts of Union?

A

1536 and 1543

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12
Q

EARLY/MODERN PERIOD (16th/17th centuries)
what did the Acts of Union do?

A

made all English laws apply to the whole of Wales

Acts of Union made English the language used in Welsh courts and all public officers had to use English. These laws gave power to Welsh gentry (landowners) class, who now became JPs

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13
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
what caused some people in Merthyr Tydfil to experiment with setting up a more organised system of crime prevention?

A

the JPs were overworked as they continued with the ineffective medieval system. By the early 19th century, MT had become Wales’ largest town with a population of over 30,000 but was still policed by only 2 JPs

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14
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
what were thief-takers?

A

they captured criminals and claimed the reward money. they acted as unofficial law officers, negotiating the return of stolen goods for a fee

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15
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
what caused the thief-takers to become a thing?

A

the appearance of daily newspapers

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16
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
how were thief-takers corrupt?

A

they would demand protection money from the criminals that they were meant to catch

17
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
can you describe Charles Hitchin?

A
  • From poor background but used wife’s inheritance to purchase position under city Marshall for London
  • Staff of 6 men, expected to police prostitutes, vagrants and unlicensed tradesmen
  • Abused his position through bribes
  • 1727, he was arrested for sexual crimes where he soon died
18
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
can you describe Jonathon Wild?

A
  • Former assistant then rival to Hitchin
  • Exploited a strong public demand for action during a major 18th century crime wave
  • Became a master manipulator of legal systems
  • Exploited people then handled them in to the police
19
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
who were Henry and John Fielding?

A

half brothers and magistrates at Bow Street in London

20
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
what did Henry’s report state and when was it published? What did he believe in?

A

Henry wrote a report about the rise of crime, published in 1751 and it stated that London’s crime rate was due to people resorting to crime rather than work and the ineffective policing systems.

He believed in appealing to the public and placed adverts in newspapers asking people to help him

21
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
how did Henry Fielding take action?

A

Set up a paid force of constables who patrolled London called the Bow Street Runners
They were trained, paid, full-time officers. By 1800, 68 Bow Street Runners

22
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
What happened after Henry died in 1754?

A

John took over, getting a grant to deal with rise in highway robbery. John published a newspaper called the Public Hue and Cry (Quarterly Pursuit until 1786)
These developments were confined to small part of London, were not adopted more widely

23
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
why was there an opposition to setting up a police force?

A
  • People saw the police force as an invasion of privacy
  • Thought it would be used by the government to stamp out any political opposition
  • An end to freedom to express opinions
  • Would cause taxes to rise
  • Thought that such a system would not work
24
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
what was the turning point to make a professional full time police force more widely accepted?

A

Sir Robert Peele, home secretary, supported the idea of the government taking responsibility for organising policing, but the idea was still very controversial.

25
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (18th/19th centuries)
why did attitudes towards setting up a police force change?

A

Fear of revolution
Fear of crime
Early modern system being ineffective
Growth of towns

26
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
what was the 1829 Metropolitan police act?

A
  • Covered area radius from 7 miles from centre of London
  • Radical change in responsibility for enforcing law and order
  • Bow Street Runners continued to control area
  • Important as it was the start of the modern police force
  • Police had no authority outside of the radius
27
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
what was the 1839 Met police act?

A
  • Extended area to 15 mile radius
  • Ended the authority of all other policing in London e.g. Bow Street Runners, River Thomas Police and Watchmen
  • By 1882, 11,700 men in the Metropolitan Police
28
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
what was the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act?

A

Towns outside London were able to set up their own police force optionally

29
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
what was the 1839 County Police Act

A

Gave each county power to set up their own police force. This was optional

30
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
what was the 1856 County and Borough Police Act?

A
  • Compulsory for all towns/countries to set up a full-time paid police force
  • Law said there should be 1 policeman per 1000 people
  • Inspectors were appointed to enforce law
  • Once inspectors found the police force satisfactory, the government paid some costs of the police force.
31
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
what are the 4 areas of continuity? Can you describe them?

A
  1. Arrest - officers have power to arrest someone under suspicion of committing an offence
  2. Search - normally a warrant is required unless there is a breach of peace
  3. Detention - can hold suspect for up to 24 hours before charging or releasing
  4. Fines and reporting - can issue an on-the-spot fine or report a suspect who will later be called to court
32
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
How was organisation an area of change?

A
  • One noticeable change has been the consolidation of forces into larger units
  • 1900= 243 forces. 1946= 117. 1964=47. Today=43.
  • Share information though National Police Computer
33
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
how was pay and recruitment an area of change?

A
  • Start of 20th century, no women police officers
  • First introduced in 1919, they account for 29% of officers in England and Wales.
  • Police rewarded regular pay rises and a good pension
  • 1947, National Police college set up, new recruits have a minimum 14 weeks of training.
34
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
how was transport and communication an area of change?

A
  • Began on foot, ‘on the beat’, alone with whistle and their own ‘patch’ so had network of informers among locals
  • Since WW2, motorbike/car however some felt touch police had lost with the community/locality they served.
  • Now use helicopters, boats, horses, light aircraft
35
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
how was community policing an area of change?

A
  • Set up the Neighbourhood Watch Schemes and community liaison officers to return to traditional community law enforcement.
  • Police community support officers (PCSOs) introduced in 2002. They provide visual presence and tackle antisocial behaviour.
36
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
how was specialisation an area of change?

A
  • Radio, internet, computer technology has sped up communication and allowed for improved record keeping
  • Camera technology improve crime detection
  • Advances in DNA profiling and genetic engineering
37
Q

MODERN PERIOD (20TH/21ST CENTURIES)
what are Wales 4 major police forces?

A

Gwent constabulary
South Wales constabulary
Dyfed Powys constabulary
North Wales Police

History - Crime & Punishment (7 decks)

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