Methods of Philosophizing and Fallacies Flashcards
“You have to pass this text message to
10 people or else you will receive bad
luck.”
Appeal to force / Ad baculum
Assuming the thing that you are trying
to prove is true.
Begging the question
“We have been doing this since time
immemorial, therefore this is the right
thing to do.”
Appeal to tradition/ Ad traditionem
What is Socrates Triple Filter Test?
a. Filter of Truth: is it TRUE
b. Filter of Goodness: is it GOOD
c. Filter of Usefulness: is it USEFUL
Thesis and antithesis can be
eventually resolved by creating a
__________, which is a new idea
comprising the essentials of both
thesis & antithesis
Dialectic Method; synthesis;
“I am pretty because my mom said I am
pretty, and I believe her.”
Begging the question
“Hydrogen (H) is air. Oxygen (O) is air.
Therefore, H2O is air.”
Fallacy of composition
“Everybody wants him/her to be president;
we should support him/her too.”
Appeal to popular opinion/
Ad populum
Trying to get someone to accept
something because it has been done
or believed for a long time.
Appeal to tradition/ Ad traditionem
This method is a discourse between
teacher and students,instigated by the
continual probing questions of the
teacher, in a concerted effort to explore
the underlying beliefs that shape the
students views and opinions.
Socratic Method
our beliefs
about human beings and the world
prevent us from seeing clearly this
immediate experience…
“pure subjectivity”.
Urging the hearer to accept the
argument based upon an appeal to
emotions, sympathy, etc.
Appeal to pity/ Ad misericordiam
Urging the hearer to accept a position
because the majority of the people hold to it.
Appeal to popular opinion/
Ad populum
Assuming that what is true of the
whole is true for the parts.
Fallacy of division
5 methods of Philosophizing
Dialectic Method
Socratic Method
Socrates Triple Filter Test
Phenomenological Method
Identifying Logical Fallacies
Telling the hearer that something bad
will happen to him/her if he/she does
not accept the argument.
Appeal to force / Ad baculum
Attacking the individual person
instead of the argument.
Attacking the person/Ad hominem
There are times when a person utters
arguments that deceive and prove nothing.
These arguments somehow could sound
convincing and be very persuasive in order
to shape other’s opinions and deliver flawed
judgment and reason.
Identifying Logical Fallacies
Looking to “things and facts themselves,
as these are given in actual experience
and intuition”. However, our beliefs
about human beings and the world
prevent us from seeing clearly this
immediate experience…
Phenomenological Method
“You are irritatingly ugly, that is why you
cannot be promoted.”
Attacking the person/Ad hominem
Thus, to know the truth, we have to
put aside one by one all our _________ about the world which
represents our _____ (_________).
limiting
beliefs; biases; “epoche”
bracketing
“Her entire family is a family of beauty
queens. I’m sure she will be a beauty
queen too.”
Fallacy of division
Assuming that what is true of the part
is true to the whole.
Fallacy of composition
