Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B5 > Methods Of Dating A Pregnancy > Flashcards

Methods Of Dating A Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Why is dating a pregnancy important?

A

Monitors the normal progress of pregnancy for both mother and baby
Educates mum/reassures
Early detection of problems = intervention
Prepare mum/family/healthcare team
Know if the pregnancy is too short/possible prematurity
Know if the pregnancy is too long/post dates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the normal weeks of pregnancy?

A

Embryonic period = first 8 weeks
Foetal period = 8 weeks to term

Term 37-42 weeks
Pre-term 24-37 weeks
Post term 42+ weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 trimesters of pregnancy? When is induction from?

A

Induced from week 41

Week 1-12
Week 13-26
Week 27-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What week is the first scan of gestation?

A

Week 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At what week is term for twins and why?

A

Week 37
Placenta getting tired
Chance of intrauterine death increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 different trimesters?

A

1st trimester: 1-12 weeks
2nd trimester: 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester: 29-40 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s Neagele’s rule of dating a pregnancy? What do you need to know?

A

Assumes 28 day cycle and uses the FIRST DAY fo the last menstrual period
Then add 12 months and minus 3 months
Then add 7 days to first day of last menstrual period

(Basically add 9 months 7 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you use scanning to date a pregnancy?

A

Early sonogram at 12 weeks

Estimated gestational age using crown-rump length in early scans, then head circumference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When can you estimate date of delivery using symphysio-fundal height?

A

From week 24/40

Measure top down - from fundus of uterus to pubic symphysis and then use a chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s hCG and its roles? When is it detectable in blood?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin hCG = glycoprotein
Critical for preventing corpus luteum from involution and maintains progesterone secretion by ovarian granulosa cells
Maintains oestrogen and progesterone levels until placenta takes over

Detectable in blood and urine 10 days post conception (after implantation)
Level doubles every 2 days = causes morning sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When do hCG levels peak?

A

At 8-10 weeks and then plateau for rest of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s the main hormone in pregnancy following hCG?

A

Progesterone is triggered by hCG/corpus luteum

= smooth muscle relaxant to prevent uterus from contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the smooth muscle relaxant roles of progesterone in pregnancy?

A 
Prevents uterus contractions
Nasal congestion
Dilates ureters
Less tone in bladder
Gut-delayed peristalsis
Full stomach
Decreased vascular resistance
Fall in BP
Dizziness
Fainting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the roles of oestrogen on the foetus and mum during pregnancy?

A

In foetus: stimulates adrenal gland and other body systems
In mum: increased appetite, skin changes, spider veins, contractibility of myometrium
Mediates breast growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the role of prolactin in pregnancy?

A

Prepares breast tissue for lactation and tranquilising effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the role of Relaxin?

A

Loosens the ligaments that holds the pelvis together, relaxing uterine muscles, relaxes arteries to support increased blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s symphysis pubis dysfunction?

A

Cartilaginous joint located between right and left sides of pubic bone
Connective tissue
Relaxin causes ligaments around SP become stretchy, soft and relaxed
Pubic bone separation in 1% pregnancies

18
Q

What does Oxytocin do in pregnancy?

A

Helps cervix to stretch
Makes myoepithelium cells contract to produce the let down reflex
Uterus becomes sensitive to oxytocin towards the end of pregnancy
Syntocin (synthetic form) used to induce labour to stimulate uterine contractions

19
Q

What’s the progesterone/oestrogen balance?

A

Progesterone reduces muscle excitability
Oestrogen increases myometrial excitability

Near term there’s a fall in progesterone levels and increase in oestrogen = stimulates ripening of the cervix/prostaglandin synthesis

20
Q

What receptors are key factors in developing regular uterine contractions?

A

Oxytocin receptors and gap junctions

21
Q

Why is it important for pregnant women not to lie on their back?

A

Can compress aorta/IVC = mum can feel faint/low bp

22
Q

What adaptations occur in the CVS during pregnancy?

A

Heart enlarges due to increased workload - apex displaced up and laterally (4th ICS)

Increased cardiac output & SV

Fall in vascular resistance

MAP falls by about 10mmHg

Occurs by 12-16 weeks

23
Q

What are adaptations to blood during pregnancy?

A

Plasma volume expands from 10th week
Red blood cell mass increases by 15% but Hb, haematocrit and RBC all fall

= normal to have physiological anaemia by 28-34 weeks

Circulating blood volume increases by 50% at term
Toleration of blood loss is increased ready for birth

Blood becomes less coagulative = pro-thrombotic (clotting time decreases)

24
Q

What parameters of a FBC are important to measure in an ante-natal check?

A 
Nutrition
Exercise
Iron
Anaemia
Regular blood tests
Advice
Travel
Hx of thrombosis
25
Q

What’s the average blood loss at birth? Is this ok?

A

250 ml with vaginal delivery

Maternal adaptation allows toleration of haemorrhage

26
Q

What are adaptations to the respiratory system during pregnancy?

A

Diaphragm pushed up = ribs flare to compensate
Increased alveolar exchange
Increased tidal volume
Slight drop in pCO2

Increased RR, maternal awareness, mild respiratory alkalosis

27
Q

How does O2 consumption change throughout pregnancy/labour?

A

Increased by 35% due to needs of foetus, uterus, placenta

40% in stage I labour
75% in stage II labour

28
Q

What are adaptations to the urinary/renal system during pregnancy?

A

Increase in renal size
Changes in RAAS
Promote plasma expansion
Renal plasma flow and GFR are increased = creatinine clearance are increased
Slightly lower absorption threshold of glucose/protein
Increased risk of infection
Risk of pre-eclampsia (especially in first pregnancies)

29
Q

What are adapatations in glucose metabolism during pregnancy?

A

Insulin resistance increases
Pregnancy is diabetogenic (due to placental hormones) = increased appetite/fat deposition
Post prandial glucose levels increase to facilitate transfer to baby

= gestational diabetes

30
Q

What are two major consequences if maternal adaptation don’t occur properly?

A

Pre-eclampsia

Gestational diabetes

31
Q

What’s gestational diabetes Mellitus?

A

Not enough insulin to counteract the diabetogenic hormones which increase in pregnancy

Tends to recur in future pregnancies
Increases risk of type 2 in later life
Increases risk to baby of macrosomia (baby larger than should be)

32
Q

What are the 3 clinical signs of pre-eclampsia?

A

High bp (due to failure of reduced vascular resistance and renal adaptation)

Protenuria (due to leaking glomeruli)

Oedema (due to leaking capillaries with increased plasma/blood volume)

33
Q

What’s include in an antenatal check for pre-eclampsia?

A

Risk factors, advice, education
Blood pressure
Urinalysis
Look for oedema

34
Q

What’s unchallenged translucency?

A

At 12 week scan measure of fluid between skin at back of neck

If greater than 3mm indicates chromosomal abnormality

35
Q

What are screening tests in pregnancy?

A

Ultrasound scans for physical abnormalities (spina bifida)

Blood tests (sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, infections)

36
Q

What week is the ultrasound screen for foetal abnormalities?

A

Between weeks 18-21

37
Q

What chromosomal abnormalities are there and what weeks are they assessed?

A

Weeks 11-14

Down’s syndrome
Edward’s
Patau’s

38
Q

What foetal anomalies are screened for by ultrasound

A 
Anencephaly
Open spina bifida
Cleft lip
Serious cardiac abnormalities
Edward’s (18) syndrome and Patau’s (13)
39
Q

Why should women be screened for rhesus D in early pregnancy?

A

Can pass antibodies through to foetus = destroys foetal blood cells so baby becomes anaemic and jaundiced

40
Q

What’s amniocentesis?

A

Diagnostic test carried out during pregnancy to assess whether unborn baby could develop genetic/chromosomal condition

41
Q

What’s haemodilution and when does it occur?

A

By week 28-34

Physiological anaemia as plasma volume expands as does red cell mass but the ratio to Hb, haematocrit and RBC all fall

B5 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions