Child Growth & Development Flashcards
What’s the 1001 critical day period? Why is it important?
Period from conception to the age of 2 whereby the brain is most adaptable
Important to build optimal security and healthy brain development
What’s the ideal presentation for birth of a baby?
Cephalic (head first)
Occipito-anterior
What’re the ages of a: baby, infant, childhood, early middle and late adolescence
Baby 0-1 Infant 0-2 Childhood 2-10 Early adolescence 11-13 Middle adolescence 14-17 Late adolescence 18-21
What are primitive reflexes?
Reflexes seen in normal infants but not neurologically developed adults
Reflexes should disappear at predictable time points to indicate motor development (myelination of higher cortical pathways that allow voluntary movement)
If they persist it can indicate UMN disorder
Name some primitive reflexes
Rooting
Grasp
Moro
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
What will the increase in brain weight be from birth to one year of age?
400g -> 1kg
Due to myelination and synaptogenesis
What are experience-expectant mechanisms?
Environmental input that’s necessary for CNS development
Eg light input for orbitofrontal cortex/visual cortex development
What are experience-dependent mechanisms?
The way in which individual experiences of each baby produce distinctive wiring of their brain
It’s dependent on the relationship between the dyad
When do the two major fontanelles of the skull close?
Anterior 18 months
Posterior 2-3 months
What’s attachment?
Bio-behavioural mechanism activated by anxiety - the key role is to reduce stress and restore security
What’s the importance of a secure attachment?
Infants have optimal functioning across all domains: Emotional Social Behavioural adjustment School achievement Peer-related social status
What’s emotional regulation?
The process by which the levels of positive and negative emotions are kept within bounds so they’re not registered as overwhelming
Key role of parents is to help the baby regulate their emotions - self-regulation provides the foundation to one’s ability to function in society
What are the 2 levels in DeGangi’s model of self regulation in children?
1 Homeostasis
2 Purposeful communication/planning of thoughts & actions
What are the 4 criteria in level 1 (homeostasis) of DeGangi’s model
Able to read and interpret own body signals
Able to process sensory stimulation from the environment
Internalise self soothing from others
Signal communication to others about need for self soothing
Outline the Brooks-Gunn ‘Rouge test’
Dot place on child’s head
Around 18 months child has ability to recognise themselves so will react to the dot in a mirror
What are the 3 dimensions of interactional behaviour that we should observe when observing parent-infant interactions?
Engagement (over intrusive to underengaged) Predictability Genuineness (from true to deceptive)
Define growth
Dynamic process in which increasing cell size and number in various tissues result in a physical increase in the size of the body as a whole
How does the weight/size of the head differ in a baby to an adult?
Baby head is 25% of its weight compared to 6% in adult
Baby head is disproportionately large, comprising 1/4th of body length
What’s the difference between cephalocaudal and centrifugal?
Cephalocaudal = development is head to toe progression Centrifugal = proximal to distal
What are the 4 core purposes of the healthy child programme?
Assess growth and development
Detect abnormalities
Assess family strengths, needs, risks
Give mothers and fathers the opportunity to discuss their concerns and aspirations
What are the physical parameters of growth? (how does it differ around age 2)
Weight
Length in 0-2 years
Height in 2 years +
Occipito-frontal head circumference
What’s a standard gentile chart?
Show where the baby is compared to others, based on weight/length/height/head circumference
Different between boys and girls
What’s it called when baby’s cross through a centile line?
= crossing through a centile line on a chart
Failure to thrive = descriptive term
Organic FTT = something wrong with the body
Non-organic FTT = baby not getting enough food from mum
Refer when cross 2 centile lines
How do you measure a baby’s body length?
Place baby in recumbent position and measure from crown to heel
What’s the national child measurement programme?
Nationally mandated public health programme, providing data on height and weight for public health outcomes framework as part of governments tackle of childhood obesity
What are Sheriden’s 4 developmental domains? What age are they measured?
Birth to 5 years
Posture and large movements = gross motor
Vision and fine movements = fine motor
Hearing and speech
Social behaviour and play
What’s the ages and stages questionnaire and when is it carried out?
Completed by parents prior to developmental review, 9 months and 2 years
Communication Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Problem solving Personal social skills
What are developmental milestones?
Median ages at which children develop specific behaviours and abilities
When a developmental delay is identified, which 3 domains must be investigated to obtain a developmental history?
Perinatal
Family
Environment
What’s the perinatal period?
Period surrounding birth, traditionally from 24 weeks pregnancy to either 7 or 28 days of life
What’s the posture and large movement milestone at 4 months?
Able to support their own head - beforehand neonates show minimal control of neck flexors when pulled into sitting position the head lags behind arms and shoulders
What’s the development of locomotion/rolling over? What type of milestone does it describe?
Gross motor milestone
Prone to supine by 3-4 months
Supine to pronely 5-6 months
What are the milestones for trunk control and sitting?
Able to sit with assistance at 6 months
Able to sit unaided at 9 months
What happens at a 9 month developmental assessment
Posture and large movements - sit on floor alone for 15 mins
Fine motor movements - inferior pincer grip
Jargon
Social behaviour and play - clearly distinguishes strangers from familiars
What are the posture and large movement milestones at 12 months?
Pulls to standing
Walks around furniture
May stand alone for few moments or may walk
What’s the developmental sequence of complex gross motor patterns - what do they incorporate?
Movement beyond walking incorporates balance and coordination
Running -> jumping on 2 feet -> hopping -> skipping
Outline fine motor development from 1 - 9 months
Reflex hand grasp
Voluntary grasp
Bringing both hands to midline 2-3 months
Hold an object in either hand if placed 3 months
Hand used like a rake 4-5 months
Palmar grasp
Use hands independently to transfer objects across midline 5-7 months
Inferior pincer grasp 9 months
What are some fine motor tasks and their months?
18 months tower of 2 24 months tower of 6 36 months bridge 15 months scribbles spontaneously 24 months imitates vertical/circular strokes 36 months copies circle 48 months copies cross
What does the 2 year developmental assessment assess?
Gross motor - walks alone, climbs unassisted, begins to run, squats with steadiness, walk up/down stairs, walk into large ball when trying to kick it
Fine motor - scribbles on their own, sorts shapes and colours, turns over container to pour out contents
Speech and language - 50+ words and 2 word sentences
Social and emotional - imitates behaviour of others, aware as being separate, demonstrates independence, how’s defiant behaviour
Outline language development
Receptive skills -> expressive skills -> coo or musical sounds 2-3 months -> babbling 6 months -> jargon (9-12 months)
What are the 4 categories of attachment?
Secure = confidence
Insecure - avoidant = parents don’t readily offer comfort
Insecure - resistant = parents inconsistent so infant has low threshold for discomfort
Disorganised = parent has no emotional space for infant
What’re the stages in Piaget’s stage model of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor 0-2
Preoperational 2-7
Concrete operational 7-12
Formal operational 12+
What age is the foetal period?
Week 9 until birth (the first 8 weeks is the embryonic period)
What are features of a gynaecoid pelvis?
Rounded brim
Broad sacrum
Shallow cavity
Wide sub pubic arch
What are features of android pelvis?
Heart shaped brim
Narrow sacrum
Deep cavity
Narrow sub pubic arch
At how many months is the infant when they experience their first ‘true’ emotional experience based on subjective experience (psycho-physiological)?
3 months
How many years does progression from stage II to V take in Tanner’s?
2 to 4 years
At what age does the national child measurement programme target, and why?
4-5 year olds (when they start school their first weight and height are recorded)
To tackle/reduce childhood obesity
According to Svanberg what are 3 dimensions of interactional behaviour that you should be assessing for?
Engagement
Predictability
Genuiness
