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Brain behaviour and cognition > methods in biopsych+ brain injury > Flashcards

methods in biopsych+ brain injury Flashcards

1
Q

two important resolutions

A

Temporal (time)

Biological aspects of system speed up relatively different (milliseconds )

Spatial (size )

Difference in resolution means we see a different quality

Improve the resolution, pick out more minute details

Biological aspects of psychology- how can you utilize the brain to do stuff, how certain aspects of the brain work–> then the sub parts of the brain

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2
Q

why are both resolutions important

A

linking psychology and biopsychology together

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3
Q

ideally how do we want to measure

A

at the synaptic level

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4
Q

history of EEC and MEG

A

EEC was first technique without dissection (1927)

MEG first “low noise” magnetoencephalography (1971) more speed and precise

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5
Q

what was brain scanning techniques like esrly 20th century

A

Slow techniques

Couldn’t observe behavior to live activity in the brain

Most common was post mortem

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6
Q

what is event related potential

A

Form or cognitive event which relates to a cognitive output

Have to improv the signal quality

More and more samples – more trials or more ppt

Find patterns which indicate key types of electrical events which we can associate or link to task or stimulus we present

Stimuli should show same pattern over and over again

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7
Q

why are EEGS important

A

Patients that are considers previous comatose were actually able to communicate after learning to use brain activity to make decisions and that was coming from the EEG, allows real time communication, with patients who previously were though to have no neurological activity in the brain. Its still being refined explaining techniques and approaches to improve communication.

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8
Q

history of x-ray?

A

been around longer than EEG 1970

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9
Q

how does x-ray work

A

Somebody figured out how to utilize the radioactive processing to look at 3d shapes, which is known as a CT scanners

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10
Q

how does computerised tomography (CT)(CAT) work?

A

Takes slied images of the brain to try create a 3d image

Allowed people to see the physical stricture inside the head
It also can distinguish between the different types of cells in the brain, whiter matter vs grey matter
Shows regions cerebral blood flow

Ct scanner allows us to understand because of increased blood flow

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11
Q

magnetic reasoning imaging (MRI) how does it work

A

Magnetic Fields – The machine uses two magnetic fields, one of which has an additional magnet to allow tuning to different radio frequencies.

Cell Alignment –the magnetic field changes the magnetic oreitation of your cells to align in one direction

Disruption with Radio Waves – A radio frequency pulse disrupts the alignment of the cells.

Relaxation & Signal Detection – As the cells return to their original alignment, they emit signals at different speeds. (the amount of time is takes to come back to the magnetic north will create 3d images of the brain)

Creating an Image – The variations in signal return time (based on differences in blood, tissue, and bone) help construct a 3D image of the brain.

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12
Q

what is a tesla

A

the magnetic pull on the earth

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13
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

Quantifies the relative diffusivity of water molecules in bundles of axons in white matter to determine their location and orientation

Very specific frequency

Measure direction of flow od water molecules, down white matter tracts

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14
Q

advantges of mri over CAT

A

No radiation exposure

Better spatial resolution

Clear distinction between grey and white matter

3d images: coronal, axial, sagittal

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15
Q

Disadvantages of MRI and CAT

A

MRI more expensive

Cost (250-500 per hour)

MRI is never turned off- uses helium

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16
Q

Functional imaging

A

Computerized methods of detecting metabolic or chemical changes within the living brain

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17
Q

Structural brain imaging: ?
Function brain imaging: ?

A

Structural brain imaging: anatomy

Function brain imaging: function

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18
Q

PET- positron emission tomography
???

A

Uses gamma rays and needs a dye (radioactive tracer)

1st functional imaging method,

Reveals the localization of a radioactive trace (2-DG) in a living brain

Looks are real time activation changes in the brain

Half life concept

Really expensive

Proof we can measure behavior, physical change, progression of dementias

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19
Q

how does fMRI work

A

uses a magnetic field to detect brain activity by tracking blood flow and oxygenation

1- Stimulus Presentation – A stimulus is introduced, triggering brain activity.

2- Neurons in the activated brain region use up local oxygen.
3– The body responds by delivering more oxygen-rich blood to the area.

4- The oxygen supply remains high as long as neuronal activity continues.

5- When neuronal activity decreases, oxygen demand drops.

6- The extra oxygenated blood supply reduces as it is no longer needed.

7- Changes in local oxygenation levels are used to infer neural activity.

Where the common areas of activation occur

Build up a time course activation, shows one condition has more activity than the other

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20
Q

stimulation methods: tms
how does it work

A

Current passed into coil

Current is rapidly changing

Generated magnetic files

Induces electrical fiend in the underlying cortex

Alters the normal patterns of neural activity

Read out as a change is physiological or behavioral change

Temporary stroke which has no lasting consequences

TMS causes a disruption in a certain area, disrupts signal between neurons

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21
Q

neuropsychology what is a leigion method?

A

The legion method infers brain function by observing consequences of brain injury

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22
Q

causes of brain injury

A

Stoke (CVA): blood flow is disrupted

Hypoxia: lack of oxygen

Tumors: abnormal cell growth

Degenerative disorder: Alzheimer’s, Parkingsons

Epilepsy: resection

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23
Q

Limitations on lesion method

A

The brain is not modular

Degeneration, recovery, compensation

Poor spatial precision, lesions are messy, location and extent influenced by vasculature, not functional areas

Poor temporal precision: lesions are permanent

Individual variability: single case bs group studies

Diaschisis: other areas not damaged may also be functioning abnormal

24
Q

misleading lesion overlays

A

Brain damage is not random: some brain areas mor vulnerable. Overlay plots highlight these areas of common damage

Subtraction: regions that are damaged in experimental group only, as damage to unrelated areas should be the same in both groups

Map legions

Statistics will identify regions that predict deficit

25
what is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Serious health problem Definition impairment in the brain function as the result of a mechanical force: impairment i
26
Closed versus open head injuries Injury type and cause:
Penetrating (open) Bullets, spikes, scissors Blunt (closed) Falls, motor vehicles, assault
27
what is a focal injury
A "focal injury" refers to brain damage confined to a specific, localized area, often resulting from direct impact or a penetrating object, as opposed to a diffuse injury which affects a wider area of the brain Contusions Lacerations Intracranial hemorrhage
28
Diffused axonal injury -
a severe brain injury that occurs when the brain is shaken or hit, causing the nerve fibers to tear.
29
Traumatic brain injury Primary injury vs Secondary injury
Primary injury At moment of impact Secondary injury Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) Hypotension (low blood pressure
30
30
how much of the head is brain matter
80 percent
31
what is the relationship beuween the amount of tissue, cerebral spinal fluid and skull pressure
theres a homestatic balance
32
how does pressure in the head change
if theres a change to functioning in the brain
33
how does programmed cell death occur and what happens when it does
happens due to hypoxia and hypertension, programmed cell death leads to a change in ratios if theres a decrease in the amount of blood and cerbral spinal fluid the body doesnt deliver blood i
34
what happens if the pressure increases in the brain
there's an exponential increase to damage to brain, nutrients are being supplied, pressure is creating more damage, if you can disrupt process, you have higher chance of saving brain and individual themselves
35
what is the initial assessmnet of a head injury and whats the scoring system
Glasgow coma scale (GCS) Basic assessment to assess level of damage Scores range from 3-15 3 = comatose state Done before medication/ treatment is given
36
what are the basic requirments to be conscious
Eye opening 1) spontaneous, 2) to sound 3) pressure 4) none Verbal response 1) orientated 2) confused 3) words 4) sounds 5) none Motor response 1) obey commands 2) localizing 3) normal flexion 4) abnormal flexion 5) extension 6) none
37
whats the TBI injury classification
Mild 14-15 Moderate 9-13 Severe 3-8
38
signs and managment os mild TBI
Mild TBI Signs: Confusion/disorientation Loss on consciousness up to 30 mins Amnesia near injury time Management: History Exam Imagine Admit/discharge
39
what is a mini mental state exam?
Typically used in dementia patients Questions asked on the following themes: orientation, immediate recall, attention and calculation, recall and language Score range 0-30
40
signs and managment of moderate TBI
Signs: 8-10% of TBIs Confusion/ disorientation Loss of consciousness from a few mins to hours Management CT scan of head Neurologic tests Repeat of CT scan Labs
41
signs and managment of severn tbi
Signs: 10% of all TBIS Unable to follow simple commands Prolonged loss of consciousness Mangement: Prompts diagnosis (primary, resuscitation and secondary survey) - ABCDE's Therapeutic agents Neurosurgery consultant Admit or transfer for best care
42
what are the ABCDEs
Airways (protection) Breathing (increase oxygenation) Circulation (blood loss and pressure) Disability (GCS) Exposure/ environment (regulate temperature )
43
summary to treat severe TBIS
Reduce swelling and intercranial pressure Assure adequate blood flow Treat symptoms that develop after injury Assess long term behavioral and cognitive changes
44
Cerebral blood flow  (CBR)
maintaining arterial pressure Autoregulation The intrinsic ability of the cerebral blood vessels to dilate and constrict in response to change in brain environment Cerebral blood vessels maintain CBR in the presence of fluctuation in arterial pressure
45
autoregulation fails
changes in cerebral prefusion pressure (CPP) and diameter or vessels changes (dilate or contract) Autoregulation fails when CPP is below 50 or above 150 mmHg
46
examples of cerebrovadcular incidents
Hemorrhagic strokes Causes by rupture of cerebral blood vessels Ischemic stroke Occlusion of blood vessels
47
ischemia? thrombus? embolus?
Ischemia: interruption of blood supply to region of body Thrombus: blood clot that forms within blood vessel, which may occlude Embolus: piece of material that floats from one part of the vascular system to block another park
48
how do strokes come about ?
A) Formation of thrombosis and emboli B) an intracerebral hemorrhage
49
treatment of a stroke
Surgery Anticoagulant drugs Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), desmoteplase Prevention: lifestyle factors and atherosclerotic plaques (formed by diet or smoking) Rehabilitation
50
whats a degenerative disorder
a condition characterized by the progressive deterioration or loss of function of cells, tissues, or organs over time
51
what is demnetia
Caused by several disorders Lewy bodies Alzheimer's disease Degenerative brain disorder Causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits, eventual death Causes slow progression of cell death
52
tumours
Mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function
53
Metastases
Process by which cells break off a tumor, travel through vascular systems and grown elsewhere in the body
54
Malignant Benign tumor Glioma Meningioma
Malignant Cancerous and lacks distinct border and may metastasize Benign tumor Noncancerous and had distinct border cannot metastasize Glioma Cancerous brain tumor composed of one of several types of glial cells Meningioma Benign brain tumor composed of cells that constitute meninges
55
causes and treaments of tumors
Causes : Not from nerve cells Tumor initialing cells Treatments : Radiation Chemotherapy surgery

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