emotion and brain injury

Question 1

Why is it hard to study emotions?

Answer 1

Emotions are hard to define

Much of the experience of emotion is personal and internal: difficult to devise reliable measures of emotion based on observable behavior

This problem is even more pronounces in lab animals

No way to know for sure what the internal state of the animal is

Question 3

Affect

Answer 3

Defined as a broad range of feelings that people experience

Positive and negative

Affects state= emotions or moods

Question 4

emotions

Answer 4

Caused by a specific event

Brief in duration

Specific and numerous in nature

Usually accompanied by distinct expression

Action- orientated in nature

Question 5

moods

Answer 5

Cause is often general or unclear

Last longer than emotions

More general- positive/negative

Generally not indicated by distinct expressions

Cognitive in nature

Question 6

components of emotion

Answer 6

behvaiour, physiology, feeling

Question 7

emotions are balanced…

Answer 7

Emotions are balanced responses to external stimuli and/or internal mental representations

Question 8

points of behvaiour

Answer 8

Behavior and conscious component of emotion

Behavior

Muscular movements appropriate to the situation

Fight. Freeze, attach due to unknown stimulus

Question 9

points of conscious

Answer 9

Conscious

Subjective aspect to emotion; cognitive- interpretations, reflections etc

A sensation of something within ourselves, combination or our body and minds

Feelings evolved quite recently

Question 10

development and emotion are influenced by…

Answer 10

culture

Question 11

emotional network in the brain

Answer 11

Emotion only recently became an acceptable focus for scientific investigation

Attempt to understand emotion in terms other than as feelings

Behavioral/physiological output can be measured

Self-report required for subjective experience

Question 12

plutchiks wheel of emotions

Answer 12

catergorical- Extends basic set to include trust and anticipation

Question 13

dimensional classification of emotion

Answer 13

Valence- arousal model has received much empirical attention

Question 14

what is meant by valence and arousal

Answer 14

valence- positive versus negative (pleasant- unpleasant)

Arousal: the physiological and/or subjective intensity of the emotion

Question 15

Early neurobiology theories of emotion

Answer 15

1920’s simplistic idea

Emotions were experienced due to bodily changes

Biological approach

There wasn’t a particiuvla system which was responsicle

How aroused or how low your body was

Question 16

what happens simultaneously with the perception of fear

Answer 16

Perception of fear and physiological reactions happen simultaneously

Question 17

modern biopsyhcological view

Answer 17

Zajonc and LeDoux(1984)- some emotions do occur without conscious level of cognitive appraisal- so without any thought processing

Question 18

wha happens to neural pathways

Answer 18

Neural pathways bypass the cortex i.e. from sensory input to thalamus to amygdala- precognitive emotional response

Question 19

role of amygdala

Answer 19

not a fear monitor, helps you make a decision, do you need to make a response to the stimulus you are seeing

Question 20

physiological vigilance and processing
low road vs high road

Answer 20

Low road (subcortical): direct from thalamus to amygdala
Fast and unconscious (-15ms in rats) crude analysis of the stimulus

High road (cortical): from thalamus to cortex to amygdala
Slow and conscious (-300ms in rats ) mor thorough analysis of the stimulus

Question 21

Physiological component of emotion

Answer 21

ANS changes , prepare the body for action

Fight or flight response: increase sympathetic activity, decrease parasympathetic activity (relaxation)

Facilitates rapid mobilization of energy needed for action

Increases heart rate: vasodilation/constriction

Question 22

emotional neural correlates

Answer 22

Thalamus

Somatosensory cortex

Amygdala

Insular Cortex (Insula)

Prefrontal cortex, including the ventromedial,

Anterior cingulate cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex

Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Limbic system- works together to allow low road to occur

Question 23

wheres the insula

Answer 23

The insula is tucked between the frontal and temporal lobes in the sylvian fissure

Question 24

role of ACC "anterior cingulate cortex"

Answer 24

connects between limbic system and cortical system accs job stop erros from happening, conflict monitoring

Question 25

The brain actively associated with distinct emptions is diffuse:....

Answer 25

there is not a center for each emotion

Question 26

Phineas gage accident

Answer 26

steel rod entered his left cheek and exited though the top of his head Damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex Impulse control/ emotion regulation Moral decision making- trolley paradigm His moral integrity disappeared, he couldn't manage and process emotional information

Question 27

the amygdala shape location role

Answer 27

Almond shaped collection of nuclei located in the medial temporal lobe (MLT), adjacent to the anterior part of the hippocampus Play a role in emotional behavior: determine "what a stimulus is and what is to be done about it" Receives input from all sensory systems Many neurons response to more than one sensory modality (multimodal) Sends projections primarily to the hypothallus and brainstem

Question 28

Patient S.M. and the role of the amygdala

Answer 28

Urbach-wiethe disease: a rare recessive genetic disorder, degeneration of the amygdala (calcification) Normal IQ and no perceptual or motor deficits

Question 29

definitions of stress

Answer 29

Clear cut definition hard to obtain from literature A disruption to homestasis- cannon also coined the flight or flight for animal responses to threat General adaption syndrome GAS- universal stress response in animals 1st stage of fight or flight Allostatic load and allostatic overload

Question 30

gas three stages

Answer 30

alarm resistance exhaustion

Question 31

alarm

Answer 31

Experience or stressful event or perceive something to be stressful This experience or perception disrupts the Bodys normal balance Immediately the body begins to respond to the stressor(s) as effectively as possible Prepare for action

Question 32

resistence

Answer 32

During this stage : the body tries to cope or adapt to the stressors Actively increases Physical or mental exertion Situation may prevent certain responses

Question 33

exhaustion

Answer 33

During this stage the stressor is not being managed effectively Body and mind are not able to repair the damage The majority of the damage to the body is done and when subsequent illness is made more likely Chronic stress

Question 34

freeze

Answer 34

preparation for either- future protection or reactive immobility

Question 35

Costs of stress

Answer 35

Physical- immune, heart and muscle links Psychological- anxiety& depressive disorders, social withdrawal, learnt behavior, etc Managing stress is really important for physiological and physical health

Question 36

Lazarus 1984 cognitive appraisal model

Answer 36

Perceived threat – amygdala decides there's something to worry about Stress isn't always negative

Question 37

Performance of stress

Answer 37

Easy task, high stress level, will make you perform higher Onces you stress level gets to high the difficulty of the task gets easier, ad you cant deal with the complexity of a hard task

Question 38

Sympatho- adrenomedually (SAM) axis

Answer 38

Increased production of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 39

Hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis

Answer 39

Increased production of corticosteroids Slow

Question 40

Health problems linked to stress

Answer 40

Heart attach Hypertension Stroke Cancer Obesity Eating disorder

Question 41

Mood and affective states

Answer 41

Mood (affect) naturally fluctuates Moods- even depressed mood- have adaptive function Depression is an adaptive version to help dela with the loss Evolutionary perspective (price 1998)

Question 42

Symptoms

Answer 42

Anhedonia Guilt Cognitive distortion Neurovegetative symptoms

Question 43

Fatigue and lethargy

Answer 43

Psychomotor retardation (PMR)- its exhausting to do anything- even to think anything Positive aspect to PMR is low suicide rates with these symptoms

Question 44

Sympathetic activity- related to hypothalamus

Answer 44

The HPA axis has been shown to be sensitized in people with depression- cortisol increases risk of illness, promotes inactivity, lethargy, restlessness No successful pharmacological treatment

Question 45

Brain regions of depression

Answer 45

Insular cortex Hippocampus Prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate cortex Nucleus accumbens Amygdala

Question 46

Reward circuits

Answer 46

Alterations in reward circuity associated with symptoms such as anhedonia and aberrant reward-associated perception and memory

Question 47

Neurological disorders

Answer 47

Physical diseases of the NS

Question 48

Psychiatric illnesses

Answer 48

Disorders that manifest as abnormalities of though, feeling or behavior

Question 49

What impacts schizophrenia?

Answer 49

Genes Neuroanatomy Neurotransmitters Environmntal other factors

Question 50

Ventricular dilation-

Answer 50

gaps in the brain which hold CSF fluid Developing schizophrenia the ventricles enlarge, some areas of the brain which are declining in matter, or there's higher pressure on those areas

Question 51

Neurodevelopment or neurodegeneration?

Answer 51

Woods (1998) suggests that schizophrenia is NOT neurodegenerative in the same gradual way as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s * Thompson et al (2001) found loss of cortical grey matter using MRI in schizophrenic adolescent

Question 52

synaptic pruning

Answer 52

the natural process where the brain eliminates unnecessary or weak synapses (connections between neurons) to refine and optimize neural circuits, particularly during childhood and adolescence

Question 53

Reduction sin brain volume, have been reported in areas or the frontal cortex and temporal lobes causes

Answer 53

You lived in City in your younger years You are born early in the year You wear heels

Question 54

The dopamine hypothesis:

Answer 54

Positive symptoms are cases by overactivity of dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic pathway