Methods

Question 1

What is an observation

Answer 1

Essentially observing the pp behaviour in an environment

Question 2

Event sampling

Answer 2

Involves recording a certain behaviour every time it occurs

Question 3

What is time sampling

Answer 3

Means observations are made at regular intervals

Question 4

What is tallying

Answer 4

Noting down every time a behaviour occurs

Can be done during event or time sampling

Question 5

What is a participant observation

Answer 5

Where the researcher takes an active role in the situation being observed

Question 6

What is a non-participant observation

Answer 6

Where the researcher observes behaviour of others but does not form part of the group they study

Question 7

What is a structured observation

Answer 7

Staged observations normally carried out within an environment in which the researcher has some control

E.g bandura

Question 8

What is a naturalistic observation

Answer 8

Observing the behaviour of pp in their own environment

Question 9

What is an overt observation

Answer 9

Where those being observed are aware of the presence of an observer

Question 10

What is a covert observation

Answer 10

Where the pp do not know they are being observed

Question 11

What is content analysis

Answer 11

Used as a research tool for analysing the content of published material

Categories are agreed in advance and researchers read though and count the amount of times they occur

Can be qualitative-> e.g. Making an inference of the meaning of a picture

Question 12

Strengths of content analysis

Answer 12

1. No ethical issues as obtained from existing sources

2. Useful for analysing trends over time

Question 13

Weaknesses of content analysis

Answer 13

1. Relies on personal interpretation
2. Observed trends in media may not reflect reality as dramatic events receive more coverage
3. May lack reliability when doing qualitative, as the inference you’re making is subjective

Question 14

Ethical issues in animal research

Answer 14

Silly                     Strain on species
Nicom                 Number used 
Poops                 Procedures used
Constantly          Choice of species
Date                    Disposed of
Oversized           Obtained
Cunts                  Cared for

Question 15

Arguments for animals in research

Answer 15

1. Shorter gestation period
2. High degree of control
3. Can’t do on humans because of ethics
4. Results can help humans
5. Cost-benefit analysis

Question 16

Arguments against animals in research

Answer 16

1. Lack generalisability -> differences in human brain structure and function
2. Cost-benefit is hard to conduct as you don’t know the outcomes
3. Speciesism -> its as if human suffering has priority against animal suffering, Singer argued we should have a moral obligation to protect animals

Question 17

Why would you use a chi squared test

Answer 17

Nominal data

Independent/unrelated data -> only represented in one cell

Can be a test of difference/association

Question 18

What is thematic analysis

Answer 18

A way of analysing data by turning vast amounts of qualitative data into smaller themes/patterns/trends

Question 19

What is inductive thematic analysis

Answer 19

Where the researcher reads through the qualitative data and themes would emerge from the data

Question 20

What is deductive thematic analysis

Answer 20

The researcher specifies themes, then looks at the data and tallies down every time a theme is noted

Question 21

How does thematic analysis work

Answer 21

Essentially the researcher creates themes and reads through the qualitative data and tallies down every time he sees a theme, whilst also looking for other patterns and trends within the data

Turning qualitative into quantitative