methods

Question 1

longitudinal research

Answer 1

• takes place over long period of time
• can include qual and quant
• performance over time - development seen through patterns in measurements

Question 2

clinical examples; longitudinal

Answer 2

• monitoring changes in symptoms
  in a patients group undergoing a certain treatment.
• measuring symptoms/ severity at certain intervals over time
• see how effective treatment is

Question 3

longitudinal; strengths

Answer 3

because these studies involve the use and collection of data in long periods of time, they can determine patterns efficiently. by using them, it would be possible for researchers to learn more about cause and effect relationships and make connections in a clearer manner.

Question 4

longitudinal; weakness

Answer 4

time is a huge disadvantage as it typically takes a substantial amount of time to collect all data that is required. also, it takes equally long periods to gather results before the patterns can start to be made.
risk experiencing attrition

Question 5

cross sectional studies

Answer 5

• usually use a large group of people in the sample to get a good cross section of the target pop, eg. diff age groups.

clinical example;
experience of people at different ages suffering sz
take sample of participants at diff ages at the same time and investigate them.

Question 6

cross; strength

Answer 6

• no problem with attrition as people less likely to drop out as its not done over a long period of time.
• reasonably cheap and quick to carry out as people usually only tested one time only.

Question 7

cross; weakness

Answer 7

less rich, detailed data obtained
harder to developmental changes

Question 8

cross cultural

Answer 8

taking samples from different cultural groups to draw comparisons about the similarities and differences between them to consider how culture impact them differently.

clinical example;
if disorders like sz have differences in disorder progression across diff culture.

Question 9

cross cultural; strength

Answer 9

• if there are similarities in behaviours across cultures then it can be said to have an evolutionary basis.
• more validity as findings reported at the time rather than years later.

Question 10

cross cultural; weakness

Answer 10

might be bias in the cultural groups selected
researcher might analyse the data with biases of their own culture and this might marginalise groups

Question 11

meta analysis

Answer 11

analysing secondary data from multiple researchers
can include range of methods and be quant or qual
the researcher conducts a literature review
clinical; Carlson

Question 12

meta analysis; strength

Answer 12

• large amount of data can be obtained quickly and cost effectivly
• none of the ethical concerns of obtaining data first hand

Question 13

meta analysis; weakness

Answer 13

• may be undisclosed issues with reliability and validity of which the researcher is not aware due to not collecting first hand.

Question 14

primary data

Answer 14

info researcher gathers themsleves
strengths=
- potentially be more reliable and valid
weakness=
- more time consuming
- need to consider ethical issues

Question 15

secondary

Answer 15

relies on evidence that has been found by others
strengths=
- quicker
- no ethical concerns as studies have already been conducted
weakness=
no way of knowing how reliable and valid research is
conclusions drawn may be flawed.

Question 16

case studies

Answer 16

• studying individuals or small groups
  with unique characteristics or experinces
• variety of methods then triangulate the data to draw conclusions
• often qual data allowing depth analysis
  clinical example; people with rare symptoms

Question 17

case study example; lavarenne 2013

Answer 17

focused on a session called the Thursday group who most had sz
aim to support patients by giving structure and encourage connection
- 10 members- attendance from weeks to 22 years.
- leaders make notes immediately after about behaviour, expression and comments
- this study reports on one session which was just before Christmas, members were facing a break of more than 7 days
- key themes notes;
‘fragile ego boundaries’ = a breakdown in the line that people draw between real and unreal. suggested that the group reacted to change in routine.

Question 18

caste study evaluation

Answer 18

strengths;
can provide greater insight into the situation being studied, for example lavarenne enabled detailed devaluation of the life of a small group of sz.

weaknesses;
the reporting of the case relies heavily on the subjective interpretation of the researcher.
in the case of lavarenne, the group leaders did not record the sessions so their memory of them may not be reliable.

• numbers
  as there are so few participants involved there are problems in generalising the whole target pop.
  for example the 6 patients in the Thursday group will not be representative of the whole psychotic population.

Question 19

clinical interviews

Answer 19

• face to face/set of questions over the phone
• can be in the from of open questions
• can be semi structured
• clinical are often unstructured; therefore questions will be dependent on the responses given from the client.

Question 20

interviws; valentine 2010

Answer 20

• semi
• 42 males high security hospital diagnosed with sz
• from a patient group on their experiences of psycho educational group treatment
• aim of programme to help them cope with illness and measures were taken to measure the impact of this on their symptoms.
  aimed to see how the group could be improved.
• a content analysis was conducted after after interviews
  key findings=
  patients valued knowing and understanding their illness and group sessions allowed this and also understanding others similar experiences
  many reported increased confidence of dealing with their illness.

Question 21

evaluation of interviews

Answer 21

strengths=
allows patients to fully explain their point of view more clearly, allowing clinicians to gain a better understanding of them
more details are obtained from semi or non

weakness=
lack of reliability in the way that data is gathered as there is no standardisation.
Valentine attempted to increase the reliability of their data by recording interviews and having the data recorded checked by another researcher.

Question 22

thematic analysis

Answer 22

• a way of coding qual info
• themes are the patterns in data that help us understand the overall data
• themes identified through coding; they become categories, the data can be examined carefully allocating the data to different categories.
  s=
  useful in capturing the detail pf meaning within a data set
  w=
  subjective interpretation and analysis of themes
  time consuming

Question 23

grounded theory

Answer 23

developing theory from research evidence
way of analysis qual data

process involves:
1. coding the data
2.codes are then placed into the concepts that fit
3. concepts and groups are split into sims and diffs
4. researcher takes notes and thought processes can be followed
5. the theory comes from codes and categories collected

clinical;
where researchers are interested in the beliefs, opinions and experience of service users of the NHS or mental health professionals. this is because it is unlikely you could propose possible themes prior to asking- they emerge from analysis

Question 24

grounded theory evaluation

Answer 24

strengths=
the evidence is integrated into the theory meaning that the theory itself should have good validity.
weakness=
this analysis technique of coding by microanalysis of the data word by word and line by line has draw backs.
it is very time consuming.