Methodology Flashcards
We use this on how we are going to collect data from respondents
Research Design and data collection
The entire group that you want to draw a conclusion about
It may be defined in terms of geographical location, age, income, etc.
Population
Specific group of individuals that you will collect data from
Sampling
List of indiviuals that the sample will be drawn from
Sampling frame
Should include the entire target population
Sampling Frame
Number of individuals in your sample, depends on the size of the population and how precisely you want the results to represent the population as a whole
Sample Size
The larger it is, the more accurately and confident you can make inferences about the whole population
Sample size
Every member has an equal chance if being selected
Kinds of probability sampling
Simple random sampling
Should include whole population.
Kinds of probability sampling
Simple random sampling
The population is randomly selected at regular
intervals, with all members having the chance
to be chosen, but not all will be selected to
participate.
Kinds of probability sampling
Systematic sampling
Involves division of a population to a smaller
group
Kinds of probability sampling
Stratified Sampling
Divides the population into subgroups with
similar characteristics to the whole sample,
and selecting entire subgroups randomly
instead of sampling individuals from each
subgroup.
Kinds of probability sampling
Cluster Sampling
Includes the individuals who happen to be
most accessible to the researcher
Kinds of non-probability sampling
Convenience Sampling
Relies on ease of access, with participants
volunteering themselves through public online
surveys instead of being chosen and contacted
by the researcher.
Kinds of non-probability sampling
Voluntary Response Sampling
Researchers use judgement to select the most
useful sample for their research purposes,
aiming to gain detailed knowledge about a
specific phenomenon rather than making
statistical inferences.
Kinds of non-probability sampling
Purposive Sampling
Utilize a hard-to-access population to recruit
participants through other individuals,
requiring only one agreed-upon participant to
introduce the study to others.
Kinds of non-probability sampling
Snowball sampling
- Survey
- interviews (structured, semi structured,
unstructured) archival data - focused group discussion
- Questionnaire
- Content analysis
- Observation (covert, overt)
- Participation
Instruments
- Voice recorder
- Video recorder
- Google forms
- Email addresses
- Pens, paper, highlighter, printer
- Letters of intent
- Letters to conduct survey and interviews
Tools
A list of questions was distributed via mail,
online, or in person, and respondents were
asked to fill them out themselves.
Questionnaire
Mail, online, and in-person.
Questionnaire
The researcher uses phone or in-person
interviews to gather responses, determining
the method based on the sample size, location,
and research focus.
Interview
Beneficial for smaller sample sizes, allowing
for in-depth information gathering, personal
contact with respondents, clarifying questions,
and seeking follow-up information.
Interview
- Telephone Interview
- Face-to-Face Interview
- Visit / Lunch / Dinner Interview
- Panel Interview
- Group Interview
- Sequential Interview
Types of Interview
Involves asking questions to gather
information about conditions, events,
opinions, people, and organizations from a
large group of people to infer conclusions
about the selected population.
Survey
you need to decide which
questions you will ask and how you will ask them.
Survey
you need to decide which
questions you will ask and how you will ask them.
Survey
➔ Type of questions
➔ Content of the questions
➔ Phrasing of the questions
➔ Ordering and layout of the survey
Ideal for quantitative research, providing
numerical data for statistical analysis.
Questions
Closed-ended questions
Ideal for quantitative research, providing
numerical data for statistical analysis.
Questions
Open-ended questions
To ensure survey validity and reliability, focus
on narrowly focused, relevant questions, and
avoid non-relevant ones.
The content of the survey questions
Construct closed-ended questions with
exhaustive options and add “other” fields for
non-exhaustive options.
The content of the survey questions
The survey questions should be clear, precise,
and neutrally phrased.
Phrasing the survey questions
Considering the target population’s knowledge
level and avoiding vague or ambiguous
language.
Phrasing the survey questions
The survey should be arranged logically,
starting with easy, non-sensitive, closed-ended
questions.
Ordering the survey questions
If multiple topics are covered, group related
questions together, divide into sections, and
place questions directly next to each other.
Ordering the survey questions
The methodology section should generally be
written in
Principles in Methodology Writing
the past tense
Discuss the ___ you used in conducting
your research.
Principles in Methodology Writing
Methods
why should you Explain what you did and how you did it?
Principles in Methodology Writing
to
allow readers to evaluate the reliability and
validity of the research.
example, did you aim to systematically describe the characteristics of something, to explore an under-researched topic, or to establish a cause-and-effect relationship? And
what type of data did you need to achieve this aim?
Explain your methodological approach
To ensure reproducibility, provide detailed
descriptions of your study’s methods,
including operationalization, measurement,
sampling, inclusion/exclusion criteria, tools,
procedures, and materials used for data
collection.
Describe your methods of data collection
