Methodologies Flashcards
Definition:
Quasi-Experiments
A research where the experimenter has NOT deliberately manipulated the IV and participants are NOT randomly allocated. Methods within this category include natural experiments and difference studies.
Definition:
Experiment
A research method where cause and effect is measured, through the control and manipulation of key variables, and where the participants are randomly allocated to experimental/control groups.
Definition:
Natural Experiments
A research method where the IV arises naturally, although the DV can still be measured in a laboratory or any other location of the researcher’s choice. This method would be used when it is unethical to directly manipulate the IV.
Definition:
Participant Observations
A research method where the researcher takes on the role of a participant whilst observing other participants’ behaviour around them.
Definition:
Non-participant Observations
A research method where the researcher watches and records participants’ behaviour without interfering in any way (from a distance).
Definition:
Content Analysis
A research method which involves exploration of behaviour to see what categories, codes or themes emerge, and tallying each time material fits a theme. It converts qualitative data into quantitative data so that it can be more easily compared.
Definition:
Structured Interviews
A research method that includes standardised questions (like in a questionnaire), which are known as an interview schedule, and are usually asked face to face.
Definition:
Questionnaires
A research method that includes a list of written questions, which generate closed and/or open answers. These can be used in person, on-line or through other methods e.g. postal.
Definition:
Semi-structured Interviews
A research method which involves asking participants questions, usually face to face. These can be in the form of an interview schedule, but could also include follow up questions to expand on answers of the questions asked.
Definition:
Correlational Studies
A research method which involves a comparing two continuous variables (co-variables) to see if there is an association/relationship between them.
Definition:
Case Studies
A method which involves an in-depth investigation of a phenomenon, which uses a descriptive analysis of a person, group or event. It is a holistic study through one or more methodologies that is usually longitudinal.
Definition:
Self-Reports
A method which involves a participant reporting on their own thoughts and feelings though methods such as interviews or questionnaires.
Definition:
Quantitative Data
A type of data that can be measured numerically by the psychologist, so that statistical analysis can be completed e.g. scores on an IQ test.
Definition:
Qualitative Data
A type of data that can be observed, but not measured numerically. It usually takes the form of words, thoughts and feelings, and is difficult to analyse e.g. a participants feelings about school.
Definition:
Primary Sources
Information sources/data that is directly collected by the researcher first-hand e.g. they collect data through a questionnaire, experiment, interviews etc. for their research.
