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EASA ATPL - EZMP30. > Meteorology > Flashcards

Meteorology Flashcards

1
Q

Troposphere

A

Temperature decreases with height, up to tropopause (11km, 36,090ft).

Lapse rate is 1.98c per 1000ft/0.65c per 100m

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2
Q

Tropopause

A

Polar tropopause: lower and warmer

Equatorial tropopause: higher and colder

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3
Q

Tropopause breaks

A

At around 30deg and 60deg latitude in both hemispheres

Is due to difference in air temp

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4
Q

Stratosphere

A

11km-50km

Temp is constant to c.20km/65,600ft. Increases from 30km-50km due to ozone o3 present.

O3 absorbs shortwave radiation from sun, helping to shield the earth.

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5
Q

Polar stratospheric cloud

A

Aka nacreous cloud or “mother of pearl”.

Appears sometimes in stratosphere.

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6
Q

Mesosphere

A

Temperature decreases with height

Up to 80km high, temp to -90c at mesopause.

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7
Q

Polar mesospheric clouds

A

Appear very rarely in mesosphere. Aka noctilucent cloud.

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8
Q

Thermosphere

A

Temp increases with height up to 2000c

Contains ionosphere.

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9
Q

Ionosphere

A

Sits within thermosphere.

Electrostatic energy varies between 200kv-500kv between ionosphere and earths surface.

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10
Q

ISA Values at MSL

A

Temp: 15c
Density: 1225g/m3
Pressure: 1013.25hpa, 760mm mg.

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11
Q

ISA Temp Lapse Rate

A

1.98c per 1000ft up to 36,090ft

Constant from 36,090ft to 20km (65,600ft)

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12
Q

Pressure levels (10k, 18k, 30k, 38k, 53k ft)

A 
10,000ft: 700hpa
18,000ft: 500hpa (50% MSL)
30,000ft: 300hpa
38,000ft: 200hpa
53,000ft: 100hpa
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13
Q

Pressure changes (0ft-20000ft and 20,000ft +)

A

0ft-20,000ft: 27ft per hpa/8m per hpa

20,000+: 50ft per hpa/15m per hpa

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14
Q

Calculating lapse rate (equation)

A

H = 96xTk / P

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15
Q

ISA density rates (10k, 22k, 40k ft)

A

MSL: 1.225Kg/m3

10,000ft: 0.903kg/m3

22,000ft: 0.609kg/m3

40,000ft: 0.302kg/m3

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16
Q

Insolation

A

Heating of earths surface by the sun

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17
Q

Terrestrial radiation

A

Long wave heat from the earth, heating the atmosphere

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18
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat by direct physical contact from one surface to another

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19
Q

Convection

A

Vertical transfer of heat

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20
Q

Advection

A

Horizontal transfer of heat. I.e. by wind.

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21
Q

June solstice (date, latitude, tropic)

A

21 Jun
23.5deg north
Tropic of Cancer

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22
Q

December solstice (date, latitude, tropic)

A

21 December
23.5deg south
Tropic of Capricorn

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23
Q

Inversion

A

Where cold air can’t escape from below warm air. Occurs under clear skies and at morning.

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24
Q

Frontal inversion

A

When two fronts meet. Cold air trapped under warm.

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25
Q

Subsidence inversion

A

High pressure inversion. Caused by sinking cold (but warming) air, which settles above the cold ground level air.

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26
Q

Simple aneroid barometer

A

Used to measure pressure in aircraft altimeter.

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27
Q

Periphelion

A

4 Jan. Earth is closest to the sun @ 91million Miles

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28
Q

Aphelion

A

4th July. Earth is furthest from the sun @ 95million Miles

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29
Q

Specific heat property of land

A

Low Specific heat energy as it takes less joules to change 1 gram of surface temperate by 1kelvin

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30
Q

Specific heat property of water

A

High specific heat property as it takes higher amount of joules to heat 1g of water by 1kelvin

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31
Q

Latent heat process (water vapour-ice)

A

Latent heat is released.

Water vapour-(condensation)-water-(freezing)-ice

Water vapour-(freezing)-ice: sublimation (e.g frost.)

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32
Q

Latent heat (ice-water vapour)

A

Latent heat is absorbed

Ice-(melting)-water-(evaporation)-water vapour.

Ice-(evaporation)-water vapour: sublimation (I.e. freezer on beach on hols!).

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33
Q

Which direction does a high pressure wind move in the northern hemisphere?

A

Clockwise

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34
Q

Which direction does a low pressure wind move in the northern hemisphere?

A

Anti-clockwise

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35
Q

What happens to the pressure of cold air with increased height?

A

The pressure in cold air decreases more rapidly with height

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36
Q

What happens to the pressure in warm air with height?

A

The pressure in warm air decreases slower with height, compared to ISA

37
Q

What is Regional Pressure Setting (RPS)?

A

A regional pressure setting covers a local area and is measured by the lowest pressure setting within that region.

It is valid for a period of 1 hour.

38
Q

What is the transition altitude?

A

Transition altitude is the highest level at which RPS may be used, based on QNH.

It sits below the transition layer.

39
Q

What is transition level?

A

Transition level is the minimum level at which SPS may be used and is based on 1013.2hpa.

40
Q

What is the transition layer?

A

The transition layer separates the transition altitude and the transition level.

41
Q

What is the Temperature Error Correction formula (TEC)?

A

For every 10deg deviation from ISA, apply a 4% correction of the indicated altitude.

This should only be applied to the distance of the aircraft above the ground.

42
Q

What factors affect density? (X 3) and what factor has the biggest effect on density?

A

Pressure, temperature and humidity.

Pressure has the biggest effect on density and is proportional.

43
Q

What effect does temperature have on air density?

A

Temperature is inversely proportional density.

As temperature increases, air density decreases.

44
Q

What are the air density levels? (MSL; 10,000; 22,000; 40,000ft)

A

MSL: 1.225kg/m3

10,000ft: 0.903kg/m3

22,000ft: 0.609kg/m3

40,000ft: 0.302kg/m3

45
Q

What is the method for calculating density altitude?

A

For every 1c deviation from ISA Temperature, the density altitude differs from the ISA Pressure Altitude by 120ft.

46
Q

What latitudes does the ITCZ sit?

A

The ITCZ deviates to approx 23.5deg north and south.

47
Q

What type of pressure system is found at the equator?

A

The equator experiences a low pressure system, due to high insolation causing mass convection of air.

48
Q

What causes a large scale thermal low?

A

A low pressure thermal low is caused by insolation creating rising air.

49
Q

What causes a polar air depression?

A

A polar air depression is caused by thermal lows in winter due to the sea being relatively warmer than land masses. I.e gulf of Alaska, the Norwegian Sea and Sea of Japan.

50
Q

When would an orographic low occur?

A

An orographic low occurs on the leeward side of large features, where a relatively high pressure goes around the feature, compared to a relative low behind said feature.

51
Q

What is the definition of a warm high?

A

A warm high is when the centre of the pressure system is relatively higher pressure than the rest of the system

52
Q

When would a cold high occur?

A

A cold high occurs when the centre of a high pressure system is relatively cold at the upper centre.

53
Q

How is humidity measured?

A

Humidity is measured using a hygrometer or a psychrometer (w+d bulb thermometer).

54
Q

What is saturation?

A

Saturation is the maximum amount of water vapour a parcel of air can hold.

Cold air can hold less water vapour than warm air.

55
Q

What are the three main types of cloud classification?

A

Cumuliform (unstable air, towering in appearance)

Statifom (stable air, flat in appearance)

Cirrus (high)

56
Q

What does WMO stand for?

A

World meteorological organisation

57
Q

What level is low, middle and high cloud in temperate regions?

A

Low: surface-6500ft

Middle: 6500ft-23000ft

High: 16500-45000ft

58
Q

What is the most hazardous region for icing to occur?

A

Between 0c and -20c.

59
Q

What are the 5 types of cloud coverage referred to as? (SKC…)

A

0 OKTAS - SKC

1-2 OKTAS - FEW

3-4 OKTAS - SCT

5-7 OKTAS - BKN

8 OKTAS - OVC

60
Q

How often is a METAR issued?

A

Every one hour.

61
Q

What is a cello meter used for?

A

To measure cloud base via a laser

62
Q

What are the three types of Cirro cloud?

A

Cirrus (Ci)

Cirrostratus (Cs) - these give a halo effect.

Cirrocumulus (Cc)

63
Q

What are the two types of middle cloud (alto)?

A

Altostratus (As) - layered cloud

Altocumulus (Ac) - pebble shape

64
Q

What are the five types of low cloud (stratus)?

A

Stratus (St) - grey and layered.

Stratocumulus (Sc) - mixture of low level stratus and cumulus

Nimbostratus (Ns) -darker grey. Rain bearing.

Cumulus (C) - low level convective cloud

Cumulonimbus (Cb) - rainy cumulus cloud which extends to tropopause.

65
Q

What are the 4 towering stages for a CB?

A

Cumulus humilus (below 10000ft)

Cumulus mediocris (Cu Med) max height 10000ft

Cumulus Congestus (TCU) up to 25000ft

Cumulonimbus (calvas- moisture) or capilatus (Cb Cap - ice crystals).

66
Q

What are the 5 cloud descriptors for CB within SIGWx?

A 
ISOL - ISOLATED
OCNL - OCCASIONAL
FRQ - FREQUENT
EMBD - EMBEDDED
WDSPD - WIDESPREAD
67
Q

What is coalescence theory?

A

Coalescence theory is that precipitation forms in clouds warmer than 0c

68
Q

What temperatures does snow fall?

A

+4c to -5c

69
Q

What type of clouds do snow grains fall from?

A

Stratiform clouds.

70
Q

What are the three types of precipitation?

A

Light
Moderate
Heavy

71
Q

What are the 6 categories for vis in precipitation?

A 
Heavy snow - less than 50m
Drizzle - less than 500m
Moderate snow - less than 1000m
Heavy rain = 1000m
Moderate rain 3-10km

SURFACE BLOWN SNOW CAN GREATLY REDUCE VISIBILITY.

72
Q

What are the three required triggers for a thunderstorm?

A

Instability
Moisture
Trigger

73
Q

What are the five types of thunderstorm?

A 
Heat
Air mass
Squall line
Frontal
Orographic
74
Q

What are the three stages of the life cycle of a thunderstorm?

A

Building phase (updraft 60kts). 15-20 mins

Mature phase (updraft and downdraft exist) up to 100kts updraft; precipitation. Lasts 15-20mins

Dissipating stage (downdraft only; heavy precip; lasts 2-2.5hrs)

75
Q

What is a squall line?

A

A squall line is a line of individual thunderstorm cells.

76
Q

What is a mesoscale corrective area (MCA)?

A

A MCA is a group of Cu/Cub developments. They sometimes form on the equatorial trough.

MCAs cover 100-1000 miles and last 1-2 days.

77
Q

What are the four types of lightning?

A

Cloud to air (CA)
Cloud to ground (CG)
Intra Cloud (IC)
Cloud to cloud (CC)

78
Q

What wind speeds can you expect in tornadoes?

A

Wind speed can exceed 200kts within the tornado

79
Q

What speeds do tornadoes travel across the ground?

A

20-40kts

80
Q

How long do tornadoes last and what is their typical diameter?

A

Tornadoes last roughly 30mins and are 100-150vmetres wide

81
Q

What does ARWD stand for?

A

Airborne Weather Radar Detector

82
Q

What are the thunderstorm avoidance measurements for both above and below 20,000ft (width and height clearance)

A

Above 20,000ft: 20 miles on all sides and 5000ft vertically

Below 20,000ft: 10,000ft laterally and 5000ft vertically

83
Q

What are the four stages of a tropical storm development?

A

Tropical disturbance

Tropical depression

Tropical storm

Tropical revolving storm

84
Q

What winds would you expect in a tropical disturbance; tropical depression; tropical storm; tropical revolving storm?

A

Tropical disturbance: light winds c20kts

Tropical depression: 20-33kts

Tropical storm: 34-63kts. Cloud formation

Tropical revolving storm: 64kts +

85
Q

What sea temperature is required for a TRS to develop?

A

The sea must be at least 26.5c

86
Q

How wide are TRS? (Tropical Revolving Storm)

A

TRS are 500-2000km. They are a large scale heat low.

87
Q

How wide is the eye of the storm in a TRS?

A

The eye of the storm is roughly 20-50km

88
Q

What direction do Tropical Revolving Storms travel?

A

TRS travel from East to West in both hemispheres.

89
Q

What temperatures do both large and small SCWD normally form?

A

Large SCWD: 0c to -20c

Small SCWD: -20c to -40c

EASA ATPL - EZMP30. (4 decks)

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