Mass & Balance Flashcards
Basic Empty Mass (BEM)
The aeroplanes mass plus standard items.
Components of BEM (x 5 items).
Empty clean aircraft Unusable fuel Operating liquids Emergency equipment Supplementary electronic equipment
When must operator establish BEM
Before aircraft enters service
Who can weigh aircraft?
Manufacturer or Approved Maintenance Organisation
Where should aircraft be weighed?
In an enclosed building
How often should aircraft be weighed?
Every 4 years or every 9 years if part of a fleet
What are the effects of Mass on performance? (11 x items)
Reduced manoeuvrability Longer take off run Lower angle of climb Lower rate of climb Increased fuel consumption Increased wear on tyres Reduced factors of safety Increased stalling speed Change in flight characteristics Increased landing speed Increased angle of glide
What is the Specific Gravity of AVGAS? (Piston aircraft)
0.72 SG
What is the Specific Gravity of AVTUR? (Turbine aircraft)
0.80 SG
What is the Specific Gravity of engine oil?
0.88 SG
How many litres in 1 USG?
3.785l
How many litres in 1 x Imp Gallon?
4.456litres
How many USG in 1 x Imp Gallon?
1.2 USG
How many pints in a gallon? (Both US and Imperial)
8 pints.
What are the components of All Up Mass? (AUM)
Basic Empty Mass (BEM)
Variable Load (VL)
Traffic Load (TL)
Fuel
What composes BEM?
Mass of aircraft Unusable fuel Operating liquids Safety equipment Supplementary electronic equipment
What composes Variable Load?
Crew and their baggage Catering and other removable passenger service equipment Food and beverages Potable water Lavatory chemicals
What is Traffic Load (TL) made from?
Combined mass of passengers and their baggage, plus cargo, plus non-revenue Load.
What makes up fuel (as part of AUM)
Usable fuel in tanks
What makes up Dry Operating Mass (DOM)?
BEM + VL
What makes up Useful Load?
TL + F
What makes up Operating Mass (as part of AUM)
BEM + VL + Fuel
What makes up Zero Fuel Mass (as part of AUM)?
DOM + TL
What is Maximum Structural Taxi Mass/Maximum Ramp Mass(MRM)?
Maximum permissible mass when aircraft begins to taxi.
What is Maximum Structural Take off Mass (MSTOM)?
Absolute maximum mass at start of a take off run. This will be less than MRM.
What is Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM)?
Maximum aircraft weight with zero useable fuel.
What is Maximum Structural Landing Mass (MSLM)?
Maximum landing mass on landing in normal circumstances.
What is the Performance Limited Takeoff Mass? (PLTOM)
Maximum takeoff mass allowable, to comply with departure performance limitations. I.e runway distance available.
What is Performance Limited Landing Mass (PLLM)?
Maximum permissible landing mass allowable, to comply with landing runway limitations. I.e. runway distance available + climb gradients in case of go around
What is Regulated Take off Mass (RTOM)?
The lower of MSTOM/PLTOM
What is Regulated Landing Mass (RLM)?
The lower of MSLM/PLLM
What are the components of Block Fuel?
Taxi fuel; trip fuel; contingency fuel; reserve fuel; additional fuel; extra fuel.
What are the components of Take off fuel?
Block fuel minus taxi fuel minus start up fuel.
What are the components of landing fuel?
Take off fuel minus trip fuel.
What is Allowed Take of Mass (ATOM)?
Lowest of:
RTOM
RLM + Trip Fuel
MZFM + Take off Fuel
How do you determine Maximum Traffic Load?
Maximum Traffic Load = ATOM minus DOM minus takeoff fuel.
How do you determine Maximum Fuel Load?
ATOM minus DOM minus Traffic Load.
