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Hydrometeorology > Meteorology > Flashcards

Meteorology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the earth’s atmosphere is called,

A

Meteorology

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2
Q

Branch of meteorology that deals w/ the state of the atmosphere averaged over a long period of time

A

Climatology

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3
Q

Atmospheric condition over a short duration, particularly the combination of heat, moisture & wind characteristics of the atmosphere in a day

A

Weather

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4
Q

The total weather condition of an area as generalized over a long period of time, (seasons, years, decades)

A

Climate

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5
Q

KINDS OF CLIMATE

A

Macroclimate, Mesoclimate, Microclimate

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6
Q

A kind of climate that prevail over a large region of the earth’s surface

A

Macroclimate

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7
Q

A kind of climate where areas up to several square miles

A

Mesoclimate

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8
Q

A kind of climate that over short distances, or within few feet or inches

A

Microclimate

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9
Q

Assumes that climate is brought by the difference in temp. & angles of the sun’s rays at diff. loc

A

According to Geographic Zones, Greek Philosopher Parminedes

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10
Q

Between the tropic of cancer (23.5°N) & tropic of capricorn (23.5°S)

A

Torrid Zone

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11
Q

Between the tropics and polar circles (66.5°N and S)

A

North and South Temperate Zones

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12
Q

Between the polar circles and poles

A

North and South Frigid Zones

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13
Q

The most widely used system for classifying the world’s climates (German Meteorologist Vladimir Peter Koppen)

A

Koppen Classification System

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14
Q

Northward & Southward from the equator (15-20deg of Lat), Ave. temp. >18degC, Annual precipitation is >1500 mm

A

Tropical Moist Climate (A)

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15
Q

Climates extends from 20-35degN and S of the equator

A

Dry Climates (B)

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16
Q

Warm & humid summers w/ mild winters, from 30-50deg of lat, estern & western borders

A

Moist Tropical Mid-Latitude Climates (C)

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17
Q

Warm to cool summers & cold winters. Ave. temp warmest mos >10degC, coldest mos <-3degC

A

Moist Continental Mid-Latitude Climates (D)

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18
Q

Year-round cold temp w/ warmest mos <10degC

A

Polar Climates (E)

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19
Q

Ice cop, subpolar

A

Cold Climates

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20
Q

Subarctic, Humid continental (short summer), Humid continental (long summer)

A

Cold Temperate Climate

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21
Q

Temperate marine, Humid Subtropical, Dry Summer Subtropical

A

Warm Temperate Climate

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22
Q

Arid Mid-latitude, arid low-latitude, semi-arid mid latitude, Semi-arid low latitude

A

Dry Climates

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23
Q

Rainy and dry tropical, Rainy tropical, Highlands

A

Tropical Climates

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24
Q

treeless plain, mosses, low-lying plants

A

Tundra

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25
Q

coniferous forests

A

Taiga

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26
Q

treeless plain, dry and grass - covered

A

Steppe

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27
Q

two pronounced wet & dry season, wet (june-nov), dry (dec-may)

A

Type I

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28
Q

no dry season, w/ a pronounced max rain (dec-feb)

A

Type II

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29
Q

intermediate type w/ no pronounced max rain & short dry season (one-three months)

A

Type III

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30
Q

uniformly distributed rainfall

A

Type IV

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31
Q

MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING TERRESTRIAL CLIMATTE

A

Position of the Earth, Land & Water Masses, Surface Features of the Land, Wind Systems & Pressure Belts, Ocean Currents & Drifts

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32
Q

The earth’s declination, rotation, and revolution affects incoming radiation, land temperature, length of day and night and tides.

A

Position of the Earth

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33
Q

The geographic distribution of continents and ocean affect regional temperature, precipitation, wind direction and speed.

A

Land and Water Masses

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34
Q

The large-scale mountainous features of land masses, i.e. altitude, depressions, mountain ranges and other geographic features.

A

Surface Features of the Land

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35
Q

The general circulation of the atmosphere affects pressure in the atmosphere and land and water masses, and the development of weather disturbances.

A

Wind Systems and Pressure Belts

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36
Q

Influenced by Coriolis Effect and configuration of oceans, basin, and shorelines.

A

Ocean Currents and Drifts

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37
Q

Inertial force that acts on objects in motion w/in a frame of reference that rotates w/ respect to an inertial frame.

A

Coriolis Effect

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38
Q

Incoming sunlight

A

Insolation

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39
Q

Fraction of the incident radiation that is reflected by an object.

A

Albedo

40
Q

An average isolation is reflected, absorded by the atmosphere and earth’s surface?

A

34%, 19%, 47%

41
Q

Common albedo values?

A

snow - 0.81, clouds - 0.17-0.81, forests - 0.03-0.10, dark dry sand - 0-0.18

42
Q

The period when the sun is farthest from the earth

A

Solslice (23.450)

43
Q

Sun’s position makes day and night equal (sun is directly above the observer solslice=0)

A

Equinox

44
Q

Smaller high and low tides.

A

Neap Tides

45
Q

Moon is in the 1st and 3rd quarter (forms 90deg with the sun)

A

Neap Tides

46
Q

Moon’s pull is stronger but the sun’s gravity lessens it.

A

Neap Tides

47
Q

Land surfaces are heated or cooled by changes in radiation to much greater deg & more rapidly than ocean.

A

Land and Water Masses

48
Q

Temperature decreases 10deg C per 1000 m increase in elevation.

A

Surface Features of the Land

49
Q

Winds are movements of air caused by differences in air pressure.

A

Wind Systems and Pressure Belts

50
Q

They move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

A

Wind Systems and Pressure Belts

51
Q

Winds are part of global atmospheric circulation loops called,

A

Cells

52
Q

What are the three cells in each hemisphere?

A

Hadley Cell, Ferrel Cell, Polar Cell

53
Q

A belt of low pressure surrounding the earth in the equatorial zone (10degN and 10degS)

A

The Equatorial Calms (Doldrums)

54
Q

Characterized by very light winds or calms but high pressure (subtropical highs) 30deg-35degN & S

A

Belts of Subtropical Calms (Horse Latitudes)

55
Q

Characterized by low pressure, stormy, variable winds associated w/ travelling cyclone 50-55deg N & S

A

Sub-Polar Low-Pressure Belts

56
Q

Characterized by high pressure areas over both polar regions w/ intensities and location of centers known…

A

Polar High-Pressure Belts

57
Q

Planetary Pressure Belts are?

A

The Equatorial Calms, Belts of Subtropical Calms, Sub-Polar Low-Pressure Belts, Polar High-Pressure Belts

58
Q

Seasonal winds (arabic word for “season”

A

Monsoon

59
Q

Are large scale, seasonal version of the diurnal land/sea breezes that occurs along coasts

A

Monsoon

60
Q

Cold winds from the northeast that bring rains over the eastern side of the country

A

Northeast Monsoon (AMIHAN)

61
Q

Warm moist winds from the southwest causing rains over the weastern portion of the country from may-sept

A

Southwest Monsoon (HABAGAT)

62
Q

Warm & moist air, Moderate - Heavy Rainfall, June-Oct

A

Southwest Monsoon (HABAGAT)

63
Q

Cool & dry air, Slight - Moderate Rainfall, Nov-May

A

Northeast Monsoon (AMIHAN)

64
Q

Air-mass boundaries that lie along line of low pressure

A

Fronts

65
Q

Types of Fronts

A

Stationary, Warm, Cold, & Occluded Front

66
Q

temporarily fixed boundary between polar (cold) and tropical (warm) air masses

A

Stationary Front

67
Q

a boundary that is moving in such a way that the warm air advances and the cold air retreats

A

Warm Front

68
Q

the cold air advances and the warm air retreats

A

Cold Front

69
Q

combination of the warm and cold front, where cold air overtakes and lifts the warm front

A

Occluded Front

70
Q

a storm in a region of low surface pressures

A

Cyclone

71
Q

TYPES OF CYCLONE?

A

Frontal Cyclones, Tropical Cyclones

72
Q

any extratropical cyclone associated with a weather front

A

Frontal Cyclones

73
Q

general term for a cyclone that originates over the tropical oceans and contains no sharp air-mass contrasts or front.

A

Tropical Cyclones

74
Q

FORMATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES?

A

Convective, Frontal

75
Q

when a large mass of air becomes convectively unstable, leading to upward air motion & the formation of LPA

A

Convective

76
Q

form along the front where trade winds meet equation air

A

Frontal

77
Q

Necessary requirements established for tropical cyclone formation,

A

Warm Ocean, Coriolis Effect, Weak Wind Shear, Pre-existing Disturbance

78
Q

Sea surface temperatures above 26-27deg C are needed to keep the rising air warm

A

Warm Ocean

79
Q

Cyclones from beyond 5deg lat from the equator, where the coriolis force is sufficient.

A

Coriolis Effect

80
Q

Minimal vertical wind shear supports storm development.

A

Weak Wind Shear

81
Q

A low-level disturbance and upper-[evel divergence are required

A

Pre-existing Disturbace

82
Q

THE CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES?

A

Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Severe Tropical Storm, Typhoon, Super Typhoon

83
Q

max sustained winds 62 kph or less than 34 knots

A

Tropical Depression (TD)

84
Q

max wind speed 62-88 kph or 34-47 knots

A

Tropical Storm (TS)

85
Q

max wind speed 87-117 kph or 48-63 knots

A

Severe Tropical Storm (STS)

86
Q

max wind speed of 118 - 184 kph or 64 - 99 knots

A

Typhoon (TY)

87
Q

max wind speed 185 kph or more than 100 knots

A

Super Typhoon (STY)

88
Q

TERMS OF TYPHOONS?

A

Typhoon, Cyclone, Hurricane, Willy-willy

89
Q

North and South Pacific

A

Typhoon

90
Q

Indian Ocean

A

Cyclone

91
Q

In the North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea

A

Hurricane

92
Q

Australia and Oceania

A

Willy-willy

93
Q

Rotating funnel-shaped cloud that snakes towards the ground from the base of a thundercloud

A

Tornadoes

94
Q

Its formation requires the presence of air of contrasting temp, moisture, density, and wind flow…

A

Tornadoes

95
Q

also known as “electric storm”

A

Thunderstorm

96
Q

a local storm produced by cumulanimbus clouds, thunder, lightning, wind, & heavy rain

A

Thunderstorm

97
Q

a result from atmospheric instability & overturning of air layers in order to achieve more stable density stratification

A

Thunderstorm

Hydrometeorology (5 decks)

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