Metaphysics Test Flashcards
Idealism?
Reality constituted through the mind (Plato)
Materialism
Material world is the only thing that is real (locke)
Monism
All of reality is one substance; can be materialistic monist or idealistic monist. –> lao tzu, paremenides, & heraclitus
Dualism
Separated from mind and matter -> Descartes.
Herclitus
Monist- everything changes
Parminides
Nothing changes.
Locke on identity
Have to have a constant stream of consciousness
Anselm
Ontological argument, argued for the existence of God using apriori knowledge: said if we already know the concept of god we are fools to say he doesn’t exist + reality exists in mind and reality
Aquinas
5: motion, efficient cause, possibility&necessity, gradation, governance of the world.
Theism
Deity distinct from the world it creates
Deism
Supreme being created the world but does not intervene
Monotheism
One perfect God
Polytheism
Many gods
Pantheism
God not distinct from the world
Panentheism
everything exists in God
Ontological Argument
Proves existence of God through Apriori knowledge, anselm.
Cosmological
Whatever exists must come from something else. - Aquinas + aposterori
Argument from Design (tealogical arg)
At some point there must have been a designer,
Perfect order, apriori : ALSO AQUINAS
Hume- argument of evil from design
Uses design argument to prove the existence of evil
Hick
God can be all loving and all powerful: free will, humans were not created in a finished state, God wasnt trying to create Heaven on Earth. Cant have just pleasure.
Mackie
Doesn’t agree God can be both.
Freud
Religion is an illusion, It can exist but higher chance it doesn’t. Illusion because it has a “wish” element.
Marx
Religion is the blindfold of society, if religion is abolished people can experience true happiness rather than fake.
Nietzche
Says God is dead, have to be the overman, stop following in Herds.
Pascal
Wager, God is or he isn’t. We don’t understand God because he is not like us. Choose to believe in God and you get eternal bliss.
Criticism of ontological
Concepts dont mean reality
Criticism of cosmological
There is no true link/chain
Criticism Argument from Design
What if there is no order? No proof God is the designer.
Central Questions of Metaphysics?
What is real? Self? Humanity?
- where does reality originate from?
- do we have control of ourselves?
