Chapter 1 logic Quiz Flashcards
What is an argument, what does in contain?
A claim and support. Each argument has a premise (reason) and a conclusion. You can only have one conclusion, and atleast one premise.
Inductive reasoning?
Specific to general, given examples and predicting the conclusion.
Deductive reasoning?
From GENERAL to specific, coming to a conclusion by cancelling out other possibilities.
a valid argument is…
Premises don’t have to be factual but they guarantee conclusion.
An invalid argument…
Premises don’t guarantee conclusion.
strong argument (inductive)…
More facts presented
Weak argument (inductive)…
Less facts presented.
Idols of the tribe
Flaws in reasoning shared by everyone
Idol of the cave
Perception by our personal experiences
Idols of the marketplace
Inappropriate language use.
Idols of the theatre?
Blind acceptance of systems knowledge.
Law of identity
Something is what it is. That rose is a rose.
Law of non contradiction
Preposition cannot be true and false at the same time
Law of excluded middle
Either true or not, no maybes.
Sufficient reason
Everything has a reason or cause.
Ockham’s Razor
Choosing simplest explanation when trying to determine which theory seems most true.
Hasty Generalization
Quickly generalizing based on insufficient evidence
Ad hominem / Attack on the person
Attacking person not argument
Attack on motive
Attacks motive of the person rather than argument
Bandwagon Argument
Bases argument on overall popularity
Straw man
Misconstruing someone elses argument
Appeal to ignorance
Asserts a preposition is true because it has not yet been proven false.
Begging the question
Conclusion is assumed in premise. Rhetorical question.
Equivocation
Misleading use of a term with more than one meaning or sense
Loaded term
Mis defining a term to help your debate
Loaded Question
Has a built in assumption.
Slippery Slope
Future assumptions consist of a weak link.
Questionable cause
Just because one event follows the other doesn’t mean it caused the other.
Non sequitur / Irrelevant reason
Premise is not relevant to the conclusion.
Accident
Applying a general rule to a specific situation which one wouldn’t want the rule to apply
Converse accident
Applying a specific rule to a general situation
Appeal to pity
Facts are disregarded and pity is aroused to gain sympathy
Faulty Analogy
Characteristics that are prescribed to one don’t have to do with the other
What is the logic and philosophy of science?
Study of formal reasoning, what is a valid argument vs what is a fallacy
