Metallurgy Flashcards
1
Q
The point at which a material ruptures
A
Ultimate strength
2
Q
The force per unit area acting on an object to change it’s dimensions
A
Stress
3
Q
The ability of a material to resist being pulled apart by external forces
A
Tensile strength
4
Q
The ability to resist external forces that push into or against the material
A
Compressive strength
5
Q
The ability to resist forces that try to slide part of the object along itself
A
Shear strength
6
Q
The ability to withstand repeatedly alternating stresses
A
Fatigue strength
7
Q
The ability of a material to return to it’s original dimensions after it has been acted on by a force
A
Elasticity
8
Q
The maximum force that a solid can withstand without being permanently deformed
A
Elastic limit (yield strength)
9
Q
The ability for material to retain a shape permanently after a deforming force is removed
A
Plasticity
10
Q
The ability to stretch and maintain the new shape
A
Ductility
11
Q
The ability of a material to be permanently deformed by compression forces
A
Malleability
12
Q
Material that breaks without noticeable plastic deformation
A
Brittleness
13
Q
The ability of a material to withstand shock loads and impact without breaking or shattering
A
Toughness
14
Q
The materials ability to resist a force that is trying to penetrate it
A
Hardness
15
Q
The ability of a material to conduct an electric current
A
Electrical conductivity
16
Q
This determines the rate of heat-flow through a material
A
Thermal conductivity
17
Q
For every 150F change is temperature, each inch of diameter and length changes by _____
A
0.001”
18
Q
Metals that have iron as the major ingredient and are usually magnetic
A
Ferrous metals
19
Q
Do not have iron in large enough amounts to have any major influence on the properties of the metals
A
Non-ferrous metals
20
Q
Non-ferrous metals are usually non-magnetic except which metal?
A
Nickel
21
Q
How do you distinguish between hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel?
A
Hot-rolled steel has a black mill scale, cold-rolled has a shiny smooth surface
22
Q
Name the type of ways to identify metal
A
Visual, weight, texture, shape
23
Q
Measures the ease with which you can cut and shape a metal
A
Machinability
24
Q
This is the most common material used for building steel and other structures
A
Carbon steel
25
The smooth inside round corner on the L shape is called what?
Fillet corner
26
How are Hollow structural steel squares classified?
Outside dimensions and wall thickness
27
HSS is available in what shapes?
Square, rectangular, round
28
Recognized by it's black oxidized surface and is produced by drawing red hot billets through rollers
Hot-rolled steel
29
Which steel is made a little larger than it's nominal size?
Hot-rolled
30
Recognized by it's smooth, grey surface and is produced by cleaning the scale from hot-rolled billets and drawing through rollers or dies.
Cold-rolled steel
31
The process of cold-rolling sets up what?
Internal stresses
32
Cold-rolled bar may be ______, _____, and ________ to improve it's surface finish and accuracy.
Turned, ground and polished
33
The process of making wire or tubing by pulling a steel rod through one or more dies
Cold-drawing
34
Any tubular product, other than pipe and and includes square and rectangular shapes, as well as round
Tubing
35
For tubes the nominal size equals what?
Outside diameter
36
Which ways can pipes and tubes be produced
Welded at the seam, seamless
37
Metals produced in round, square, or flat form
Bar stock
38
Thickness range of Sheet steel
28-18 ga
39
Widths and lengths of sheet steel
Width - 36, 48, 60, 72 inches
| Length - 96, 120, 144
40
Steel plate has a thickness of ___ or greater and a width of __ inches or greater
3/16 inches and 8 inches
41
Have developed a system for identifying steels
SAE and AISI
42
The AISI-SAE system for designating carbon and alloy steel uses a __ or __ digit number
4 or 5
43
In the AISI-SAE system the first two digits denote ______. The last two or three digits denote ______.
Type of steel and carbon content
44
Contains carbon or iron, but no other significant alloying elements
Carbon steel
45
What are the three types of carbon steel
Low (0.02-0.30%) cannot be hardened
Medium (0.30-0.60%) can be hardened
High (over 0.60%) found in cutting tools
46
Anything over __% carbon is considered to be cast iron
1.7%
47
Contains significant elements other than iron and carbon
Alloy steel
48
What are the three types of alloy steels?
```
High strength low alloy steel (impervious to water)
Quench and temper structural steel
Maraging steel (easy to weld)
```
49
Expensive, high quality steel used in manufacture of cutters, tools, dies, molds and jigs
Tool steel
50
The two types of high speed steel
tungsten and molybdenum
51
Alloyed with large amounts of chromium, more corrosion resistant than other steels
Stainless steel
52
What are the three types of stainless steel
Austenitic, Ferritic, Marsensitic
53
Next to steel it is the most used industrial metal
Aluminum
54
The soft chips it produces make it a difficult metal to machine
Copper
55
Mixture of copper and zinc, tougher than bronze
Brass
56
Originally a combo of copper and tin, now includes any copper alloy other than brass
Bronze
57
The structure of soft steel is called
Pearlite
58
The structure of hardened steel is called
Marstensite (consists of angular needle-like crystals)
59
Exists only at high temperatures
Austentite
60
Only steel with a carbon content of at least ___% can be hardened
0.20%
61
Two part process where steel is heated to austentite and then quenched to form martensite
Hardening
62
Generally, the higher the carbon content, the _____ the hardening temperature
Lower
63
The proper hardening temperature is when a workpiece is what colour?
cherry red
64
Quenching should take place how long after heating?
Immediately (or it reverts to pearlite instead of martensite
65
The most effective quenching medium
Brine
66
Brittleness and strain must be ______ out of the steel
tempered (drawn)
67
How can you achieve a more controlled temper?
Heating workpiece in oil, sand or a salt and lead bath
68
The opposite of hardening
Full Annealing
69
The process that eliminates strains and restores the proper grain structure of steel
Normalizing
70
The two types of hardness testing
Rockwell and Brinell
71
Rockwell hardness testing scale order
Hardest A,B,C, N, T, Softest
72
Testing system that uses a hydraulic press
Brinell
73
Other than weight, shape and visual means you may also use
Chip, spark, file, and flame test
74
Produces bright, long, straight yellowish colours with very little branching
Low carbon (mild) steel
75
Produces dark yellow-orange sparks that branch off more, follow wheel
High carbon steel
76
Produces red sparks near grinder, need to apply more pressure
Cast iron
77
Produces ball shaped sparks
High-speed steel
78
The most precise method for identification of a metal
Mill test report (MTR)
79
If a solid metal has a smooth outer surface it's usually what?
Formed steel
80
This metal has a low rate of thermal conductivity
Titanium (melts at 1668 C)
81
Oxidizes rapidly and has a thin oxide film on it's surface
Pure aluminum
82
Silver-grey colour
Steels and cast iron
83
White to grey colour, smooth velvety texture
Nickel
84
Have a red or yellow colour
Copper and brass
85
Very soft, malleable, bluish-grey metal. Can scratch with nail
Lead
86
Weight of carbon steel
490 lbs/ft^3
87
In a forming process called _______, molten metal pour into molds
casting
88
What is the carbon content of 4140
0.40%
89
This is a low carbon structural steel impervious to water
High strength alloy (HSLA)
90
Higher carbon content than high strength steel, can he hardened
Quench and temper structural steel
91
Uses elements other than carbon for hardening
Maraging steel
92
This stainless steel cannot be hardened and is not magnetic
Austenitic
93
Resists corrosion, lacks strength of austenitic stainless steel. Cannot be hardened
Ferritic
94
Can be hardened, but not as corrosion resistant as other stainless steel
Martensitic
95
Type of bronze very strong and corrosion resistant
Phosphor-bronze (10% tin)
96
Type of bronze that has the strength of machine steel with corrosion resistance of copper
Silicon-bronze (up to 5% silicon)
97
Type of bronze used for making bushings and bearings
Aluminum-bronze (4-11% aluminum)
98
Type of bronze that has strength and hardness, but is a health hazard
Beryllium-bronze (2% beryllium)
99
The structure of hardened steel is called what?
Martensite
100
Formed when pearlite is heated to a red heat
Austenite
101
Sparks and flashes into flame violently
Magnesium
102
Tool steels and high speed steels are steels very high in what?
Carbon
103
Tool steel used when high hardness and low cost are the most important consideration (ex. files)
Water hardening
104
Tool steel used in trimming and forming dies, produced at room temp.
Cold work
105
Tool steels used in forging dies
Hot work
106
Pearlite consists of layers of these two things
Ferrite (pure iron) and cementite (formed from iron and carbon)
107
What happens if you don't temper steel immediately after hardening?
It will crack
108
Temperature colours as they increase
Light straw, dark straw, brown, purple, violet, dark blue
109
How is steel full annealed?
Heating ABOVE the UPPER critical temp for steels less than 0.85% carbon, and ABOVE the LOWER critical temp for steels more than 0.85%
110
Whats harder, RC64 or RC52
RC64 Higher number higher hardness
111
The diamond tip of the diamond penetrator is called what?
Brale
112
The size of the ball in the Brinell test
10mm
113
Where is the heat number identified
Both the specification tag and the MTR
114
All metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled except what?
Bismuth
115
This type of steel is highly ductile
Machine steel
116
The lower critical temperature of steel
723 C (1333F)
117
Low alloy steel must be quenched ____ _____ than high alloy steel
more quickly
118
Hardened steel is tempered by heating it to a temperature _____ the lower critical temperature
below
119
Steel is normalized by heating it _____ it's upper critical temperature and then allowing it to cool in air
above
120
Rockwell scale letter for extremely hard materials
A (diamond penetrator)
121
Rockwell scale letter for untreated low and medium carbon steels
B (1/16 ball penetrator)
122
Rockwell scale for heat-treated steels, high speed steels, hard cast iron, titanium
C (diamond penetrator)
123
Rockwell scale for thin, hardened and surface hardened parts
N (diamond penetrator)
124
Rockwell scale for thin and soft parts
T (1/16 ball penetrator)
125
If your file slides over the specimen then its harder than
C56
126
Length of time the load is applied in Brinell test
15 seconds on ferrous, 30 on other materials
127
Carbon Content
0. 65 to 0.80
0. 80 to 0.95
0. 95 to 1.10
1. 10 and over
```
Hardening temperature
1450 to 1500 F
1410 to 1460 F
1390 to 1430 F
1380 to 1430 F
```
128
In C shapes the first number gives the ________ and the second number gives it's ______
Nominal size and weight
129
Hardened steel is tempered by heating it _____ the LOWER critical temperature
BELOW
130
In process annealing you heat the steel to a temperature
BELOW the LOWER critical temperature
131
Steel is normalized by heating it
ABOVE it's UPPER critical temperature
132
Size of steel ball penetrator in Rockwell test
1/16
133
Melting temperature of carbon steel
1510 C (2750 F)
