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englang unit 1/2 > metalanguage, tfmrsfacts, cultural values > Flashcards

metalanguage, tfmrsfacts, cultural values Flashcards

unit 1 aos 1

1
Q

subsystems of language

A

phonetics: the study of sounds and sound production
phonology: the study of sound patterns of a particular language
morphology: the study of morphemes
lexicology: the study of lexemes
syntax: the study of sentences/structures
discourse analysis: the study of connected sentences
semantics: the study of meaning and changes to meaning
pragmatics: the study of contextual meaning and language interaction

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2
Q

6 functions of language

A

referential: conveys information (the train leaves at 6)
emotive: interprets feelings, desires (yuck!)
conative: engages the addressee (sit down!)
phatic: establishes a social connection (how are you?)
metalinguistic: talks about language itself (what does phatic mean?)
poetic: brings in an aesthetic dimension (embellishing a message with quotes)

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3
Q

TF MRS FACTS

A

type: what type of text is it? (eg transcript, article)
field: the general area of interest, discussion, activity (lexemes etc)
mode: spoken, written?
register: level of formality, why it’s appropriate for context and domain?
social purpose: in-depth elaboration, what is text trying to do on social level?
function: simple purpose (to inform etc)
audience: who the text is aimed towards
context: situational (farms) and cultural
tenor: relationship between speakers or author and reader
setting: where was the text found?

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4
Q

FARMS

A

field: the general area of interest, discussion, activity
audience: audience impact (functions of language)
relationship: What is the social distance? In/out groups? Power dynamics?
mode: Spoken, written, signed
setting: The nature of the environment

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5
Q

places of articulation

A

where sound happens
bilabial: contact between the lips
labio-dental: contact between the lower lip and upper teeth
dental: contact between the lower lip and upper teeth
glottal: restriction of the airflow at the glottis (vocal cords location)
velar: contact between the tongue and the soft palate
palatal: contact between the tongue and the hard palate or alveolar ridge
alveolar: contact between the tongue and the alveolar ridge (between upper teeth and hard palate)

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6
Q

manner of articulation

A

the way that sound occurs
plosive: a short quick release of air after closed stricture
fricative: closed stricture that creates friction when air is closed.
nasal: air is released through the nasal passageway
approximant: close proximity of the articulators
affricate: start with producing a plosive and blending immediately into a fricative
lateral

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7
Q

phonological processes

A

assimilation: sounds change to become more similar to sounds nearby
handbag = hambag

elision: Sounds are lost
sixth = sikth

vowel reduction: vowels are not pronounced or pronounced much less.
father and son = fatherenson
melbourne = melbin

insertion: the addition of sounds as the parts of the vocal track move from one to another.
so awful = sowawful
film = fillem

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8
Q

prosodic features (spoken texts)

A

pitch: how high the voice is

intonation: the way the pitch changes across an utterance

stress: how loudly and long different syllables are uttered

volume: how loud the speech is

tempo/time: how quickly the utterance is spoken

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9
Q

root (?) morpheme

A

the smallest unit of meaning that a word can be broken into

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10
Q

free (?) morpheme

A

can stand by itself and still have meaning

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11
Q

bound morpheme

A

can’t exist by itself (affixes etc)

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12
Q

affix

A

added to a root morpheme to change its meaning (prefix and suffix)

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13
Q

derivational affix

A

changes word class/meaning of word

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14
Q

inflectional affix

A

doesn’t change word class

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15
Q

word class

A

categories of types of words

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16
Q

derivational morpheme

A

changes word class/meaning of word
act + or = actor
changes act (verb) to actor (noun)

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17
Q

inflectional morpheme

A

doesn’t change word class/meaning
I go
you go
he/she goes (es is inflectional)

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18
Q

noun

A

a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things

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19
Q

common nouns

A

concrete (touchable) or abstract (ideas, concepts, emotions)

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20
Q

count nouns

A

can be counted (book, coin) can be plural or singular

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21
Q

non-count nouns

A

no plural form (traffic, information, honey)

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22
Q

proper noun

A

names of specific things (places/names)

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23
Q

collective noun

A

a name for a group of certain things (a murder of crows)

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24
Q

plural nouns

A

-s, -es (regular)
-en (irregular)
stem of word changing (goose, geese) or they don’t change at all (sheep/fish)

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25
verb
actions, processes, and states (to be)
26
regular verb
past tense -ed
27
irregular verb
past tense changes stem (swam)
28
adjective
define or modify noun located in front on nouns, after verbs. gradable by adding -er and -est, or the word most or more gives nouns quality, size, judgement etc
29
adverb
modifies/describes verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs describes: -time (he was late) -frequency (he goes there often) -manner (he did it horribly) -place (he is nearby) -degree (almost, reasonably) identifiable with -ly
30
auxiliary verb
modify or change some aspect of a main verb to be, to have, to do main verb: I do homework every day auxiliary verb: I do not like homework
31
modal verb
expresses degree of possibility/ability can, could, shall, should, will would, may, might, must ability, permission, likelihood, obligation, makes commands gentler
32
determiners
introduce noun phrases and function as modifiers
33
article
a, an (indefinite) the (definite)
34
possessive adjective
my, your, our, their, his, her
35
demonstratives
this, that
36
indefinite determiners
each, every, all, some
37
cardinals
one, two
38
ordinals
first, second
39
pronouns
short words that replace nouns
40
subject pronouns
I, you, she, he, they, it, we
41
object pronouns
me, us, them, you, her, him, it
42
possessive pronouns
mine, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers, its
43
relative pronouns
that, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever
44
demonstrative pronouns
this, that, these, those
45
prepositions
-function words that show the relationship between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a sentence -they position things in space or in time or describe the manner in which an action is performed I go to work (to) I am in the car (in) I am below the platform (below)
46
conjunctions
connects other words (or larger elements of a sentence)
47
coordinating conjunctions
link words, phrases, and clauses together which are equal in value FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
48
subordinating conjunctions
only join clauses together -causational: because, since -conditional: if, then, unless -comparative: while, whereas
49
sentence types (IDIE)
interrogative: question declarative: statement imperative: command exclamative: exclamation
50
phrases
a single word or group of words that works together in a sentence as a single unit that conveys meaning doesn't contain a subject or verb "with a green shirt" "filled with joy" "of my favourite movies"
51
noun phrases
a group of one or more words, and contains a noun at the head of the phrase as well as modifiers to that noun "the nice neighbour" "my best friend" "troops of soldiers"
52
verbal phrases
consists of main verb and any modifiers "he was waiting for the rain to stop" "I ate a potato cake"
53
prepositional phrases
consists of a preposition and a noun phrase that is considered to be its object "after the storm" "to the end of time"
54
adjective phrases
adjective as its head and may include modifiers "very happy" "bright pink fluffy"
55
adverb phrases
adverb as its head and may include modifiers "frequently" "very quickly"'
56
clause
a group of related words containing a subject and a predicate clauses can also contain objects, complements and adverbials
57
independent clause
makes sense on its own
58
dependent clause
depends on another clause to make sense on its own begins with a subordinating conjunction.
59
subject
noun, group of words which the sentence is focused on
60
predicate
what is written or said about the subject, usually containing a verb main verb and modifiers
61
predicator
main verb
62
modifiers
rest of the predicate
63
object
provides further info about subject and verb indirect: noun phrase is indirectly affected by the verb direct: noun phrase directed affected by the verb.
64
complement
needed for the sentence to make sense "they were hungry" (hungry is complement)
65
adverbial
can be removed as sentence still makes sense "she smiled broadly" (broadly is adverbial)
66
simple sentence
contains a single clause that consists of a subject and a predicate
67
compound sentence
consists of two or more independent clauses joined together using a coordinator
68
complex sentence
consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, using a subordinator can be reversed by requires a comma
69
compound-complex sentence
consists of at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinator and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinator
70
sentence fragment
incomplete sentences missing either the subject or predicate can still make sense within the text as a whole.
71
semantic domain
contains a group or range of words that have related meaning
72
inference
deriving meaning from a text where the information is not overt
73
australian cultural values
mateship antiauthoritarianism tall poppy syndrome egalitarianism (equality) anti-intellectualism humour larrikinism
74
australian accents
broad general cultivated
75
content words
words with specific meaning (eg nouns)
76
function words
determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, qualifiers, and question words
77
semantic properties
info which the speakers of a language associate with a word
78
denotation
meaning constantly associated with a word (ie dictionary definition)
79
connotation
associated meaning (ie subjective in nature)
80
semantic field
set of words related in meaning
81
etymology
study of word history and origins
82
semantic broadening
acquires additional meaning bird - used to mean young bird in a nest
83
semantic narrowing
refers to part of its original meaning meats - used to mean any kind of food
84
semantic shift
change in word usage/meaning gay or guy
85
semantic deterioration
takes a less positive meaning disease: went from discomfort to illness
86
semantic elevation
adopts a more positive value pretty: went from crafty/sly to beautiful
87
backchanneling
responding to conversation while they're speaking
88
discourse particles
phrases and words used to connect and organise ideas (like, so, yeah)
89
analytical commentary plan
intro - tfmrsfacts bp1 - function + social purpose with syntax and lexi bp2 - register + audience with syntax and lexi bp3 - tenor + cc with semantics and morphology
90
ipa order
consonants -voiced/voiceless -place of articulation -manner of articulation vowels -how high tongue is -how far back in mouth -rounded/unrounded

englang unit 1/2 (4 decks)

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