metalanguage, tfmrsfacts, cultural values

Question 1

subsystems of language

Answer 1

phonetics: the study of sounds and sound production
phonology: the study of sound patterns of a particular language
morphology: the study of morphemes
lexicology: the study of lexemes
syntax: the study of sentences/structures
discourse analysis: the study of connected sentences
semantics: the study of meaning and changes to meaning
pragmatics: the study of contextual meaning and language interaction

Question 2

6 functions of language

Answer 2

referential: conveys information (the train leaves at 6)
emotive: interprets feelings, desires (yuck!)
conative: engages the addressee (sit down!)
phatic: establishes a social connection (how are you?)
metalinguistic: talks about language itself (what does phatic mean?)
poetic: brings in an aesthetic dimension (embellishing a message with quotes)

Question 3

TF MRS FACTS

Answer 3

type: what type of text is it? (eg transcript, article)
field: the general area of interest, discussion, activity (lexemes etc)
mode: spoken, written?
register: level of formality, why it’s appropriate for context and domain?
social purpose: in-depth elaboration, what is text trying to do on social level?
function: simple purpose (to inform etc)
audience: who the text is aimed towards
context: situational (farms) and cultural
tenor: relationship between speakers or author and reader
setting: where was the text found?

Question 4

FARMS

Answer 4

field: the general area of interest, discussion, activity
audience: audience impact (functions of language)
relationship: What is the social distance? In/out groups? Power dynamics?
mode: Spoken, written, signed
setting: The nature of the environment

Question 5

places of articulation

Answer 5

where sound happens
bilabial: contact between the lips
labio-dental: contact between the lower lip and upper teeth
dental: contact between the lower lip and upper teeth
glottal: restriction of the airflow at the glottis (vocal cords location)
velar: contact between the tongue and the soft palate
palatal: contact between the tongue and the hard palate or alveolar ridge
alveolar: contact between the tongue and the alveolar ridge (between upper teeth and hard palate)

Question 6

manner of articulation

Answer 6

the way that sound occurs
plosive: a short quick release of air after closed stricture
fricative: closed stricture that creates friction when air is closed.
nasal: air is released through the nasal passageway
approximant: close proximity of the articulators
affricate: start with producing a plosive and blending immediately into a fricative
lateral

Question 7

phonological processes

Answer 7

assimilation: sounds change to become more similar to sounds nearby
handbag = hambag

elision: Sounds are lost
sixth = sikth

vowel reduction: vowels are not pronounced or pronounced much less.
father and son = fatherenson
melbourne = melbin

insertion: the addition of sounds as the parts of the vocal track move from one to another.
so awful = sowawful
film = fillem

Question 8

prosodic features (spoken texts)

Answer 8

pitch: how high the voice is

intonation: the way the pitch changes across an utterance

stress: how loudly and long different syllables are uttered

volume: how loud the speech is

tempo/time: how quickly the utterance is spoken

Question 9

root (?) morpheme

Answer 9

the smallest unit of meaning that a word can be broken into

Question 10

free (?) morpheme

Answer 10

can stand by itself and still have meaning

Question 11

bound morpheme

Answer 11

can’t exist by itself (affixes etc)

Question 12

affix

Answer 12

added to a root morpheme to change its meaning (prefix and suffix)

Question 13

derivational affix

Answer 13

changes word class/meaning of word

Question 14

inflectional affix

Answer 14

doesn’t change word class

Question 15

word class

Answer 15

categories of types of words

Question 16

derivational morpheme

Answer 16

changes word class/meaning of word
act + or = actor
changes act (verb) to actor (noun)

Question 17

inflectional morpheme

Answer 17

doesn’t change word class/meaning
I go
you go
he/she goes (es is inflectional)

Question 18

noun

Answer 18

a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things

Question 19

common nouns

Answer 19

concrete (touchable) or abstract (ideas, concepts, emotions)

Question 20

count nouns

Answer 20

can be counted (book, coin) can be plural or singular

Question 21

non-count nouns

Answer 21

no plural form (traffic, information, honey)

Question 22

proper noun

Answer 22

names of specific things (places/names)

Question 23

collective noun

Answer 23

a name for a group of certain things (a murder of crows)

Question 24

plural nouns

Answer 24

-s, -es (regular)
-en (irregular)
stem of word changing (goose, geese) or they don’t change at all (sheep/fish)

Question 25

verb

Answer 25

actions, processes, and states (to be)

Question 26

regular verb

Answer 26

past tense -ed

Question 27

irregular verb

Answer 27

past tense changes stem (swam)

Question 28

adjective

Answer 28

define or modify noun
located in front on nouns, after verbs.
gradable by adding -er and -est, or the word most or more
gives nouns quality, size, judgement etc

Question 29

adverb

Answer 29

modifies/describes verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
describes:
-time (he was late)
-frequency (he goes there often)
-manner (he did it horribly)
-place (he is nearby)
-degree (almost, reasonably)

identifiable with -ly

Question 30

auxiliary verb

Answer 30

modify or change some aspect of a main verb
to be, to have, to do

main verb: I do homework every day
auxiliary verb: I do not like homework

Question 31

modal verb

Answer 31

expresses degree of possibility/ability

can, could, shall, should, will would, may, might, must

ability, permission, likelihood, obligation, makes commands gentler

Question 32

determiners

Answer 32

introduce noun phrases and function as modifiers

Question 33

article

Answer 33

a, an (indefinite)
the (definite)

Question 34

possessive adjective

Answer 34

my, your, our, their, his, her

Question 35

demonstratives

Answer 35

this, that

Question 36

indefinite determiners

Answer 36

each, every, all, some

Question 37

cardinals

Answer 37

one, two

Question 38

ordinals

Answer 38

first, second

Question 39

pronouns

Answer 39

short words that replace nouns

Question 40

subject pronouns

Answer 40

I, you, she, he, they, it, we

Question 41

object pronouns

Answer 41

me, us, them, you, her, him, it

Question 42

possessive pronouns

Answer 42

mine, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers, its

Question 43

relative pronouns

Answer 43

that, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever

Question 44

demonstrative pronouns

Answer 44

this, that, these, those

Question 45

prepositions

Answer 45

-function words that show the relationship between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a sentence
-they position things in space or in time or describe the manner in which an action is performed

I go to work (to)
I am in the car (in)
I am below the platform (below)

Question 46

conjunctions

Answer 46

connects other words (or larger elements of a sentence)

Question 47

coordinating conjunctions

Answer 47

link words, phrases, and clauses together which are equal in value
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Question 48

subordinating conjunctions

Answer 48

only join clauses together
-causational: because, since
-conditional: if, then, unless
-comparative: while, whereas

Question 49

sentence types (IDIE)

Answer 49

interrogative: question
declarative: statement
imperative: command
exclamative: exclamation

Question 50

phrases

Answer 50

a single word or group of words that works together in a sentence as a single unit that conveys meaning
doesn’t contain a subject or verb

“with a green shirt”
“filled with joy”
“of my favourite movies”

Question 51

noun phrases

Answer 51

a group of one or more words, and contains a noun at the head of the phrase as well as modifiers to that noun

“the nice neighbour”
“my best friend”
“troops of soldiers”

Question 52

verbal phrases

Answer 52

consists of main verb and any modifiers

“he was waiting for the rain to stop”
“I ate a potato cake”

Question 53

prepositional phrases

Answer 53

consists of a preposition and a noun phrase that is considered to be its object

“after the storm”
“to the end of time”

Question 54

adjective phrases

Answer 54

adjective as its head and may include modifiers

“very happy”
“bright pink fluffy”

Question 55

adverb phrases

Answer 55

adverb as its head and may include modifiers

“frequently”
“very quickly”’

Question 56

clause

Answer 56

a group of related words containing a subject and a predicate
clauses can also contain objects, complements and adverbials

Question 57

independent clause

Answer 57

makes sense on its own

Question 58

dependent clause

Answer 58

depends on another clause to make sense on its own
begins with a subordinating conjunction.

Question 59

subject

Answer 59

noun, group of words which the sentence is focused on

Question 60

predicate

Answer 60

what is written or said about the subject, usually containing a verb
main verb and modifiers

Question 61

predicator

Answer 61

main verb

Question 62

modifiers

Answer 62

rest of the predicate

Question 63

object

Answer 63

provides further info about subject and verb
indirect: noun phrase is indirectly affected by the verb
direct: noun phrase directed affected by the verb.

Question 64

complement

Answer 64

needed for the sentence to make sense
“they were hungry” (hungry is complement)

Question 65

adverbial

Answer 65

can be removed as sentence still makes sense
“she smiled broadly” (broadly is adverbial)

Question 66

simple sentence

Answer 66

contains a single clause that consists of a subject and a predicate

Question 67

compound sentence

Answer 67

consists of two or more independent clauses joined together using a coordinator

Question 68

complex sentence

Answer 68

consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, using a subordinator
can be reversed by requires a comma

Question 69

compound-complex sentence

Answer 69

consists of at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinator and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinator

Question 70

sentence fragment

Answer 70

incomplete sentences missing either the subject or predicate
can still make sense within the text as a whole.

Question 71

semantic domain

Answer 71

contains a group or range of words that have related meaning

Question 72

inference

Answer 72

deriving meaning from a text where the information is not overt

Question 73

australian cultural values

Answer 73

mateship
antiauthoritarianism
tall poppy syndrome
egalitarianism (equality)
anti-intellectualism
humour
larrikinism

Question 74

australian accents

Answer 74

broad
general
cultivated

Question 75

content words

Answer 75

words with specific meaning (eg nouns)

Question 76

function words

Answer 76

determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, qualifiers, and question words

Question 77

semantic properties

Answer 77

info which the speakers of a language associate with a word

Question 78

denotation

Answer 78

meaning constantly associated with a word (ie dictionary definition)

Question 79

connotation

Answer 79

associated meaning (ie subjective in nature)

Question 80

semantic field

Answer 80

set of words related in meaning

Question 81

etymology

Answer 81

study of word history and origins

Question 82

semantic broadening

Answer 82

acquires additional meaning
bird - used to mean young bird in a nest

Question 83

semantic narrowing

Answer 83

refers to part of its original meaning
meats - used to mean any kind of food

Question 84

semantic shift

Answer 84

change in word usage/meaning
gay or guy

Question 85

semantic deterioration

Answer 85

takes a less positive meaning
disease: went from discomfort to illness

Question 86

semantic elevation

Answer 86

adopts a more positive value
pretty: went from crafty/sly to beautiful

Question 87

backchanneling

Answer 87

responding to conversation while they’re speaking

Question 88

discourse particles

Answer 88

phrases and words used to connect and organise ideas (like, so, yeah)

Question 89

analytical commentary plan

Answer 89

intro - tfmrsfacts
bp1 - function + social purpose with syntax and lexi
bp2 - register + audience with syntax and lexi
bp3 - tenor + cc with semantics and morphology

Question 90

ipa order

Answer 90

consonants
-voiced/voiceless
-place of articulation
-manner of articulation

vowels
-how high tongue is
-how far back in mouth
-rounded/unrounded