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englang unit 1/2 > metalanguage, tfmrsfacts, cultural values > Flashcards

metalanguage, tfmrsfacts, cultural values Flashcards

unit 1 aos 1

1
Q

subsystems of language

A

phonetics: the study of sounds and sound production
phonology: the study of sound patterns of a particular language
morphology: the study of morphemes
lexicology: the study of lexemes
syntax: the study of sentences/structures
discourse analysis: the study of connected sentences
semantics: the study of meaning and changes to meaning
pragmatics: the study of contextual meaning and language interaction

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2
Q

6 functions of language

A

referential: conveys information (the train leaves at 6)
emotive: interprets feelings, desires (yuck!)
conative: engages the addressee (sit down!)
phatic: establishes a social connection (how are you?)
metalinguistic: talks about language itself (what does phatic mean?)
poetic: brings in an aesthetic dimension (embellishing a message with quotes)

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3
Q

TF MRS FACTS

A

type: what type of text is it? (eg transcript, article)
field: the general area of interest, discussion, activity (lexemes etc)
mode: spoken, written?
register: level of formality, why it’s appropriate for context and domain?
social purpose: in-depth elaboration, what is text trying to do on social level?
function: simple purpose (to inform etc)
audience: who the text is aimed towards
context: situational (farms) and cultural
tenor: relationship between speakers or author and reader
setting: where was the text found?

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4
Q

FARMS

A

field: the general area of interest, discussion, activity
audience: audience impact (functions of language)
relationship: What is the social distance? In/out groups? Power dynamics?
mode: Spoken, written, signed
setting: The nature of the environment

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5
Q

places of articulation

A

where sound happens
bilabial: contact between the lips
labio-dental: contact between the lower lip and upper teeth
dental: contact between the lower lip and upper teeth
glottal: restriction of the airflow at the glottis (vocal cords location)
velar: contact between the tongue and the soft palate
palatal: contact between the tongue and the hard palate or alveolar ridge
alveolar: contact between the tongue and the alveolar ridge (between upper teeth and hard palate)

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6
Q

manner of articulation

A

the way that sound occurs
plosive: a short quick release of air after closed stricture
fricative: closed stricture that creates friction when air is closed.
nasal: air is released through the nasal passageway
approximant: close proximity of the articulators
affricate: start with producing a plosive and blending immediately into a fricative
lateral

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7
Q

phonological processes

A

assimilation: sounds change to become more similar to sounds nearby
handbag = hambag

elision: Sounds are lost
sixth = sikth

vowel reduction: vowels are not pronounced or pronounced much less.
father and son = fatherenson
melbourne = melbin

insertion: the addition of sounds as the parts of the vocal track move from one to another.
so awful = sowawful
film = fillem

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8
Q

prosodic features (spoken texts)

A

pitch: how high the voice is

intonation: the way the pitch changes across an utterance

stress: how loudly and long different syllables are uttered

volume: how loud the speech is

tempo/time: how quickly the utterance is spoken

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9
Q

root (?) morpheme

A

the smallest unit of meaning that a word can be broken into

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10
Q

free (?) morpheme

A

can stand by itself and still have meaning

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11
Q

bound morpheme

A

can’t exist by itself (affixes etc)

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12
Q

affix

A

added to a root morpheme to change its meaning (prefix and suffix)

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13
Q

derivational affix

A

changes word class/meaning of word

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14
Q

inflectional affix

A

doesn’t change word class

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15
Q

word class

A

categories of types of words

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16
Q

derivational morpheme

A

changes word class/meaning of word
act + or = actor
changes act (verb) to actor (noun)

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17
Q

inflectional morpheme

A

doesn’t change word class/meaning
I go
you go
he/she goes (es is inflectional)

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18
Q

noun

A

a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things

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19
Q

common nouns

A

concrete (touchable) or abstract (ideas, concepts, emotions)

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20
Q

count nouns

A

can be counted (book, coin) can be plural or singular

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21
Q

non-count nouns

A

no plural form (traffic, information, honey)

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22
Q

proper noun

A

names of specific things (places/names)

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23
Q

collective noun

A

a name for a group of certain things (a murder of crows)

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24
Q

plural nouns

A

-s, -es (regular)
-en (irregular)
stem of word changing (goose, geese) or they don’t change at all (sheep/fish)

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25
Q

verb

A

actions, processes, and states (to be)

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26
Q

regular verb

A

past tense -ed

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27
Q

irregular verb

A

past tense changes stem (swam)

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28
Q

adjective

A

define or modify noun
located in front on nouns, after verbs.
gradable by adding -er and -est, or the word most or more
gives nouns quality, size, judgement etc

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29
Q

adverb

A

modifies/describes verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
describes:
-time (he was late)
-frequency (he goes there often)
-manner (he did it horribly)
-place (he is nearby)
-degree (almost, reasonably)

identifiable with -ly

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30
Q

auxiliary verb

A

modify or change some aspect of a main verb
to be, to have, to do

main verb: I do homework every day
auxiliary verb: I do not like homework

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31
Q

modal verb

A

expresses degree of possibility/ability

can, could, shall, should, will would, may, might, must

ability, permission, likelihood, obligation, makes commands gentler

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32
Q

determiners

A

introduce noun phrases and function as modifiers

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33
Q

article

A

a, an (indefinite)
the (definite)

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34
Q

possessive adjective

A

my, your, our, their, his, her

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35
Q

demonstratives

A

this, that

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36
Q

indefinite determiners

A

each, every, all, some

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37
Q

cardinals

A

one, two

38
Q

ordinals

A

first, second

39
Q

pronouns

A

short words that replace nouns

40
Q

subject pronouns

A

I, you, she, he, they, it, we

41
Q

object pronouns

A

me, us, them, you, her, him, it

42
Q

possessive pronouns

A

mine, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers, its

43
Q

relative pronouns

A

that, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever

44
Q

demonstrative pronouns

A

this, that, these, those

45
Q

prepositions

A

-function words that show the relationship between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a sentence
-they position things in space or in time or describe the manner in which an action is performed

I go to work (to)
I am in the car (in)
I am below the platform (below)

46
Q

conjunctions

A

connects other words (or larger elements of a sentence)

47
Q

coordinating conjunctions

A

link words, phrases, and clauses together which are equal in value
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

48
Q

subordinating conjunctions

A

only join clauses together
-causational: because, since
-conditional: if, then, unless
-comparative: while, whereas

49
Q

sentence types (IDIE)

A

interrogative: question
declarative: statement
imperative: command
exclamative: exclamation

50
Q

phrases

A

a single word or group of words that works together in a sentence as a single unit that conveys meaning
doesn’t contain a subject or verb

“with a green shirt”
“filled with joy”
“of my favourite movies”

51
Q

noun phrases

A

a group of one or more words, and contains a noun at the head of the phrase as well as modifiers to that noun

“the nice neighbour”
“my best friend”
“troops of soldiers”

52
Q

verbal phrases

A

consists of main verb and any modifiers

“he was waiting for the rain to stop”
“I ate a potato cake”

53
Q

prepositional phrases

A

consists of a preposition and a noun phrase that is considered to be its object

“after the storm”
“to the end of time”

54
Q

adjective phrases

A

adjective as its head and may include modifiers

“very happy”
“bright pink fluffy”

55
Q

adverb phrases

A

adverb as its head and may include modifiers

“frequently”
“very quickly”’

56
Q

clause

A

a group of related words containing a subject and a predicate
clauses can also contain objects, complements and adverbials

57
Q

independent clause

A

makes sense on its own

58
Q

dependent clause

A

depends on another clause to make sense on its own
begins with a subordinating conjunction.

59
Q

subject

A

noun, group of words which the sentence is focused on

60
Q

predicate

A

what is written or said about the subject, usually containing a verb
main verb and modifiers

61
Q

predicator

A

main verb

62
Q

modifiers

A

rest of the predicate

63
Q

object

A

provides further info about subject and verb
indirect: noun phrase is indirectly affected by the verb
direct: noun phrase directed affected by the verb.

64
Q

complement

A

needed for the sentence to make sense
“they were hungry” (hungry is complement)

65
Q

adverbial

A

can be removed as sentence still makes sense
“she smiled broadly” (broadly is adverbial)

66
Q

simple sentence

A

contains a single clause that consists of a subject and a predicate

67
Q

compound sentence

A

consists of two or more independent clauses joined together using a coordinator

68
Q

complex sentence

A

consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, using a subordinator
can be reversed by requires a comma

69
Q

compound-complex sentence

A

consists of at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinator and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinator

70
Q

sentence fragment

A

incomplete sentences missing either the subject or predicate
can still make sense within the text as a whole.

71
Q

semantic domain

A

contains a group or range of words that have related meaning

72
Q

inference

A

deriving meaning from a text where the information is not overt

73
Q

australian cultural values

A

mateship
antiauthoritarianism
tall poppy syndrome
egalitarianism (equality)
anti-intellectualism
humour
larrikinism

74
Q

australian accents

A

broad
general
cultivated

75
Q

content words

A

words with specific meaning (eg nouns)

76
Q

function words

A

determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, qualifiers, and question words

77
Q

semantic properties

A

info which the speakers of a language associate with a word

78
Q

denotation

A

meaning constantly associated with a word (ie dictionary definition)

79
Q

connotation

A

associated meaning (ie subjective in nature)

80
Q

semantic field

A

set of words related in meaning

81
Q

etymology

A

study of word history and origins

82
Q

semantic broadening

A

acquires additional meaning
bird - used to mean young bird in a nest

83
Q

semantic narrowing

A

refers to part of its original meaning
meats - used to mean any kind of food

84
Q

semantic shift

A

change in word usage/meaning
gay or guy

85
Q

semantic deterioration

A

takes a less positive meaning
disease: went from discomfort to illness

86
Q

semantic elevation

A

adopts a more positive value
pretty: went from crafty/sly to beautiful

87
Q

backchanneling

A

responding to conversation while they’re speaking

88
Q

discourse particles

A

phrases and words used to connect and organise ideas (like, so, yeah)

89
Q

analytical commentary plan

A

intro - tfmrsfacts
bp1 - function + social purpose with syntax and lexi
bp2 - register + audience with syntax and lexi
bp3 - tenor + cc with semantics and morphology

90
Q

ipa order

A

consonants
-voiced/voiceless
-place of articulation
-manner of articulation

vowels
-how high tongue is
-how far back in mouth
-rounded/unrounded

englang unit 1/2 (4 decks)

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