english across time Flashcards
unit 2 aos 1
why was english not a single, consistent language prior to early modern english?
-languages were constantly evolving
-languages were being blended (old english being a blend of languages spoken by angles, saxonsm, jules, and frisans and celtic languages
-no standard form
what impact did catholic missionaries have on english?
-they went to convert anglo-saxons to christiantiy - which caused latin to become the language of the ruling class
-this led to languages spoken in britain to borrow aspects of its grammar and lexicon
what changes occurred in old english due to viking contact?
-aspects of old norse blended with old english, to create a simplified anglo-saxon dialect
eg morphology
-past tense in old norse was created with with ‘-in’ or ‘ð’
-n old english it was done by changing the internal vowel or adding ‘-de’ or ‘-don’, then past tense became ‘-ed’
standardisation
the continuous process that brings uniformity to the writing and speaking of a language so that it becomes more regular and consistent amongst users
codification
when language norms are written down as they are popular - component of standardisation
old english timeline
-450-500: angles, saxons settle in britain
-6th century: latin is introduced via religion
-8-11th century: viking invasion/norse blends with english
-1066: norman invasion french becomes official language of england
middle english timeline
-1066-1337: norman rule
-1337-1453: hundred year war
-1476: caxton’s printing press
the great vowel shift
-occurred durring 15th, 16th, and 17th century
-change in pronunciation - long vowel sounds began to made higher and further forward in the mouth (short vowel sounds remain unchanged)
analogy
the process whereby a conclusion based on parallel cases
morphological/syntactic changes
-word order became far more important and more rigid in english
-inflections were dropped
comparison of possession between middle and modern english - hen’s liver vs lyre (liver) of hennes
preposition vs inflectional
-middle: prepositional phrase shows possession (of hennes)
-modern: inflection ‘s’ on possessor noun
word order
-middle: possessed noun before possessory and preposition
-modern: possessor first
morphological changes to english
-abbreviations
-acronym
-initialism
-shortening
-compounding
-blends
-backformation
abbreviations
-can cross over between acronyms, initialisms, blends, and shortening
-dr for doctor
-vcaa
-st for saint or street
acronym
-formed by taking initial letters of a phrase and combining them to create a new word
-eg nasa, fomo, scuba
initialism
-acronym which is pronounced as individual letters
-eg lmao, vce, dna
shortening
-involves reducing the length of a word by omitting one or more syllables or letters
-eg info, ad, servo
compounding
-combining two or more words to form a new word with combined meaning
-eg toothbrush, laptop
blends
-merging parts of two words to create a new word
-eg brunch, smog
backformation
-the process of creating a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes from another word
-eg televise from television, edit from editor