english across time Flashcards

unit 2 aos 1

1
Q

why was english not a single, consistent language prior to early modern english?

A

-languages were constantly evolving
-languages were being blended (old english being a blend of languages spoken by angles, saxonsm, jules, and frisans and celtic languages
-no standard form

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2
Q

what impact did catholic missionaries have on english?

A

-they went to convert anglo-saxons to christiantiy - which caused latin to become the language of the ruling class
-this led to languages spoken in britain to borrow aspects of its grammar and lexicon

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3
Q

what changes occurred in old english due to viking contact?

A

-aspects of old norse blended with old english, to create a simplified anglo-saxon dialect
eg morphology
-past tense in old norse was created with with ‘-in’ or ‘ð’
-n old english it was done by changing the internal vowel or adding ‘-de’ or ‘-don’, then past tense became ‘-ed’

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4
Q

standardisation

A

the continuous process that brings uniformity to the writing and speaking of a language so that it becomes more regular and consistent amongst users

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5
Q

codification

A

when language norms are written down as they are popular - component of standardisation

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6
Q

old english timeline

A

-450-500: angles, saxons settle in britain
-6th century: latin is introduced via religion
-8-11th century: viking invasion/norse blends with english
-1066: norman invasion french becomes official language of england

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7
Q

middle english timeline

A

-1066-1337: norman rule
-1337-1453: hundred year war
-1476: caxton’s printing press

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8
Q

the great vowel shift

A

-occurred durring 15th, 16th, and 17th century
-change in pronunciation - long vowel sounds began to made higher and further forward in the mouth (short vowel sounds remain unchanged)

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9
Q

analogy

A

the process whereby a conclusion based on parallel cases

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10
Q

morphological/syntactic changes

A

-word order became far more important and more rigid in english
-inflections were dropped

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11
Q

comparison of possession between middle and modern english - hen’s liver vs lyre (liver) of hennes

A

preposition vs inflectional
-middle: prepositional phrase shows possession (of hennes)
-modern: inflection ‘s’ on possessor noun

word order
-middle: possessed noun before possessory and preposition
-modern: possessor first

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12
Q

morphological changes to english

A

-abbreviations
-acronym
-initialism
-shortening
-compounding
-blends
-backformation

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13
Q

abbreviations

A

-can cross over between acronyms, initialisms, blends, and shortening
-dr for doctor
-vcaa
-st for saint or street

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14
Q

acronym

A

-formed by taking initial letters of a phrase and combining them to create a new word
-eg nasa, fomo, scuba

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15
Q

initialism

A

-acronym which is pronounced as individual letters
-eg lmao, vce, dna

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16
Q

shortening

A

-involves reducing the length of a word by omitting one or more syllables or letters
-eg info, ad, servo

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17
Q

compounding

A

-combining two or more words to form a new word with combined meaning
-eg toothbrush, laptop

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18
Q

blends

A

-merging parts of two words to create a new word
-eg brunch, smog

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19
Q

backformation

A

-the process of creating a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes from another word
-eg televise from television, edit from editor

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20
Q

semantic changes over time

A

-deterioration
-elevation
-narrowing
-broadening

21
Q

deterioration

A

-gets worse over time
silly: happy – foolish
villain: worker at villa – evil person
cunning: skillful – sly

22
Q

elevation

A

-gets better in meaning over time
angel: messenger – messenger of god
fond: foolish – affectionate
earl: man – count

23
Q

narrowing

A

-has a more specific meaning over time
liquor: liquid – alcohol
poison: drink – poisonous drink
accident: event – unfortunate event

24
Q

broadening

A

-has a less specific meaning over time
cool: jazz style – wider meaning
business: someone was busy – wider meaning
you guys: guys – everyone

25
Q

word formation processes

A

-borrowing
-commonisation
-neologism
-nominalisation

26
Q

drivers for change

A

-movement between domains
-innovation requiring new lexemes
-societal changes

27
Q

reasons for word loss

A

-obsolescence
-brevity
-taboo
-unknown

28
Q

borrowing

A

words brought from other languages
two types - loanword and loan translation

29
Q

commonisation

A

occurs when something that was previously a name loses its capital letters and becomes a common word
eg lamington was a governor of qld

30
Q

neologism

A

newly coined words/phrases that are accepted into mainstream language
eg staycation

31
Q

nominalisation

A

the process of making nouns from verbs or adjectives
eg likes: she likes this – he got a lot of likes on his post

32
Q

movement between domains

A

eg technical words to common words

33
Q

innovation requiring new lexemes

A

eg goon used to mean casket wine

34
Q

societal changes

A

when words change with society
eg mankind – humankind

35
Q

obsolesce

A

when the content the word refers to doesn’t exist

36
Q

brevity

A

words become too short, so they are cut from the language or exist as morphemes attached to others

37
Q

prescriptivism

A

the belief that language should prescribe to a certain standard - standard form found in dictionaries etc, is the bench against all other variations are judged

38
Q

arguments for prescriptivism

A

-provides clear, standardised rules for language - can enhance effective communication and ensure mutual understanding
-maintains consistency in language

39
Q

descriptivism

A

describe how language is actually used without judgement

40
Q

arguments for descriptivism

A

-language is inherently dynamic and constantly evolving to meet the needs of users

41
Q

explain how middle english syntax can differ from modern english

A

-middle english uses a different word order (subject follows the verb)
-modern english - subject precedes verb

42
Q

comparison of possession of middle and modern english - yolkes of ayren and egg yolks

A

-middle: prepositional phrase ‘of ayren’ shows possession
-modern: inflection ‘-s’ on possessor noun shows possession

43
Q

referring to a subsystem of language, provide a specific example of how the norse language influence old english

A

-orthography/phonology
-old norse introduced new graphemes into old english, such as thorn - þ which represented the phoneme /theta/

44
Q

explain the influence of the norman conquest of 1066 on english and use examples from at least 2 subsystems of language

A

-introduced french into old english, as french became the language of the ruling class
-lexicology: english borrowed lexemes from french (eg joust and bounty)
-syntax: english word order became more standard (svo) to be more in line with french syntax

45
Q

explain what standardisation is, and what english was like prior to standardisation

A

-standardisation is the process of bringing uniformity to a language
-prior to standardisation, english was inconsistent particularly with spelling (could have multiple spellings)

46
Q

discuss and explain at least 2 factors that led to the standardisation of english

A

-caxton’s printing press: invented in 1476, made texts easier to mass produce and for people to access
-dictionaries: mid 1700s - led to the codification language norms, which is a component of standardisation - established correct spellings etc

47
Q

discuss how the resurgence and broadening of singular gender-neutral pronouns and the lexical change occurring with them reflects societies and changing values

A

-society is becoming more accepting and inclusive of gender diverse people, and language can adapt fil the need for those new words
-move towards greater respect of individuals and their identity

48
Q

discuss how changing worldviews about topics are reflected in lexemes in 2024

A

-society is becoming more accepting of people and language should reflect that (not using slurs etc)
-referring to people in more inclusive ways (eg poc)