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Bio Grade 12 > Metabolism Test > Flashcards

Metabolism Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Oxidation -> lose electrons
Reduction -> gain electrons
- occur together
OIL RIG

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2
Q

What does Anaerobic mean? What is an example?

A

Can’t use O2
-yeast which is why it undergoes fermentation

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3
Q

What does Facultative Anaerobic mean? What is an example of this?

A
  • can use O2 or fermentation
  • muscle cells
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4
Q

What is the Endosymbionic Hypothesis? What evidence supports this hypothesis?

A

The endosymbionis hypothesis is that mitochondria was once a bacteria. A larger cell engulfed it -> Mitochondria got protection and the cell got an energy source. The evidence to support this hypothesis is that mitochondria are the same size as bacteria, they have a double membrane, and they have circular DNA.

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5
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylation is the transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule.

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6
Q

What is Decarboxylation? In what part of metabolism is there a lot of decarboxylation reactions?

A

Decarboxylation is the removal of CO2 from a molecule. There are many decarboxylation reactions in the CAC.

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7
Q

What is CoA and what is it’s function?

A

CoA is an enzyme that helps to stabilize molecules. CoA brings acetate to the CAC while also stabilizing it.

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8
Q

What is Chemiosmosis? What process of metabolism does it occur in?

A

Chemiosmosis is the process in which an ATP is synthesized using an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. When the buildup of H+ floods into the cell they have energy which is used to form ATP. Chemisosmosis produces ATP in the ETC.

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9
Q

What is proton motive force? How does it help in the production of ATP?

A

Proton motive force is the force that moves protons because of an electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane. Proton motive force pushes H+ through the enzyme ATP synthase resulting in the production of ATP.

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10
Q

What is SLP? Where in metabolism does SLP occur?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. SLP occurs twice in glycolysis and once in the CAC.

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11
Q

What is isomerase? What reactions is it involved in?

A

Isomerase is an enzyme that is used to change molecules in to one of their isomers. Isomerase is involed in all reactions involvung isomers - they each have specific types of the enzyme isomerase.

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12
Q

Where does the Oxidation of Pyruvate occur? What enzyme is involved?

A

The oxidation of pyruvate occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
The enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase is involved in this reaction.

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13
Q

How many reactions are there in the CAC?

A

10 - the production of ATP is counted in the total reactions

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14
Q

Which cells can undergo the CAC?

A

Only aerobic cells can undergo the CAC. The CAC requires oxygen to be carried out.

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15
Q

Where do the NADH and FADH from glycolysis and CAC go?

A

The NADH and FADH from glycolysis and CAC go to the ETC to make ATP.

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16
Q

What are the products of the CAC (including the linkage step) per glucose?

A
  • 8 NADH
    -2 FADH
    -6 CO2
    -2 ATP
17
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 H2O
    -2 pyruvates -> go to CAC
    -2 NADH
    -2ATP
18
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

An obligate aerobe is an organism that cannot live without oxygen. Most eukaryotes are obligate aerobes.

19
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation? Where is it used?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions. Oxidative phosphorylation is used to make ATP in the ETC.

20
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

21
Q

Can cells undergo aerobic cellular respiration without mitochondria? If yes, explain.

A

Yes, some prokaryotes undergo aerobic cellular respiration without mitochondria. The process of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidiation and the CAC occur in the cytosol of the cell. The ETC occurs on internal membranes that are derived from the plasma membrane. They still possess the full complement of reactions.

22
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe? What do they use for final electron acceptors?

A

An obligate anaerobe is an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Instead of oxygen they use inorganic substances such as NO2, S, and Fe+3 as final electron acceptors to obtain energy.

23
Q

True or False - Aerobic respiration made the evolution of large animals possible.

A

True - allowed them to meet their very high energy demands.

24
Q

True or False - CAC is considered to be the most fundamental metabolic pathway.

A

False - Glycolysis is considered to be the most fundamental metabolic pathway.

25
Q

Does glycolysis require O2?

A

No

26
Q

True or False- Glycolysis is only found in prokaryotes.

A

False - Glycolysis is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

27
Q

How many reactions are there in glycolysis?

A

There are 10 reactions in glycolysis.

28
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondria?

A

Large pores in the outer membrane allow pyruvate to diffuse through. A pyruvate-specific membrane carrier is required for it to cross the inner membrane.

29
Q

What do some organisms do when there is excess ATP in their cells?

A

They use the extra ATP to phosphorylate creatine. When phosphorylated, creatine becomes a high energy molecule called creatine phosphate ehich can be stored within the cell. When ATP demand jumps the cell is able to reverse the reaction to generate additional ATP rapidly.

30
Q

Why do cells use fermentation?

A

They use fermentation to regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis going

31
Q

True or False - Anaerobic organisms use the ETC?

A

False - anaerobic organisms use fermentation instead of ETC to regnerqate NAD+. Only go through glycolysis and fermentation - no CAC or ETC.

32
Q

What was the first eukaryote to have its entire genome sequenced?

A

Yeast because of its commercial value.

33
Q

What are mitochondria limited by when producing ATP?

A

Mitochondria are limited by the amount of available O2 - ETC can’t carry out its process without O2 to act as final electron acceptor

34
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm.

35
Q

Where odes the lactate produced in humans go?

A

The lactate produced by our muscle cells is transported to our liver where it is oxidized back to pyruvate.

36
Q

What are the 2 jobs of the ETC?

A

a) Transport electrons to make H2O
b) Pump H+ out to make ATP

Bio Grade 12 (4 decks)

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