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Bio Grade 12 > Genetics Test > Flashcards

Genetics Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Meischer study? What did he discover?

A
  • studied pus
  • identified substance in cells he called ‘nuclein’
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2
Q

What did Briggs + King study?

A
  • frog eggs
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3
Q

What was Briggs + King’s first experiment?

A
  • they removed nucleus from frog egg
  • no frog grew
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4
Q

What was Briggs + King’s second experiment?

A
  • used 2 different frogs
  • they placed nucleus of frog B into egg of frog A
  • frog b grew
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5
Q

What was Briggs + Kings conclusion?

A
  • genetic material is in the nucleus
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6
Q

What did Griffith study?

A
  • mice/pneumonia
    -2 strains of pneumonia
    A) S strain (smooth -> capsule)
    B) R strain (rough -> no capsule)
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7
Q

What were the findings of Griffith’s experiments?

A

1) mice + S strain -> death
2) mice + R strain -> live
3) mice + heat killed S strain -> live
4) mice + heat killed S strain + R strain -> death

  • Transforming Principle*
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8
Q

What did Avery, Mcleod, and McCarty study? What was their conclusion?

A
  • streptococcus
    1) heat killed S strain + digested RNA and protein of R strain -> death
    2) heat kill S strain + digested DNA of R strain -> live
    3) heat kill S strain + digested RNA and DNA of R strain -> live
  • concluded DNA is genetic material
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9
Q

What did Hershey/Chase study? What was their conclusion?

A
  • radio isotopes/bacteriophage
    Labelled: DNA - P32
    Protein - S35
    -after infection they found P32 in the cells
  • concluded DNA is the genetic material
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10
Q

What was Chargraff’s contribution?

A
  • chemical analysis of DNA
  • A,T,G,C
  • A proportional to T
  • G proportional to C
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11
Q

What did Franklin (Wilkins) do?

A
  • X ray crystallography
  • Double helix shape
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12
Q

What did Watson/Crick conclude?

A
  • structure of DNA
    *NOT 1 experiment
    1)Phosphate-sugar backbone
    2) Rungs of ladder are N bases - held by H bonds
    A-T (2H), G-C (3H)
    3) Double helix
    4) Antiparallel
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13
Q

Is DNA replication conservative, semiconservative, or disruptive?

A
  • DNA replication is semiconservative
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14
Q

What are the 3 steps of DNA replication?

A

1) Strand separation: unwind, break H bonds
2) Build complementary strand
3) Fix errors - edit

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15
Q

What is the location and function of Topoisomerase?

A

Location - above replication fork
Function - eases tension of unwound strand

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16
Q

What is the location and structure of Helicase?

A

Location - at replication fork
Function - breaks H bonds

17
Q

What is the location and function of SSB’s (single stranded bonding protein)?

A

Location - attach to open strands below replication fork
Function - prevents reannealing

18
Q

What is the location and function of RNA primase?

A

Location- at end of leading strand
-many points of lagging strand
Function - adds RNA primer

19
Q

What is the location and function of RNA primer?

A

Location - end of leading
-many on lagging
Function - starting point for DNA polymerase III

20
Q

What is the function of DNA Polymerase III?

A

Function - add N bases to new strand
- works in 5’ to 3’ direction

21
Q

What is the location and function of DNA Polymerase I and II?

A

Location - follow DNA polymerase III
Function - proof read
-fix errors

22
Q

What is the function of ligase?

A

Function - glue okasaki fragments together

23
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 nitrogen bases - codes for 1 amino acid

24
Q

What is transcription and where does it occur?

A
  • copy DNA into RNA
  • in the nucleus
25
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

26
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
27
Q

What are the 3 post transcriptional modifications?

A
  • cut out introns, add 5’ cap, add Poly A tail
28
Q

What is tRNA also called?

A
  • also called anticodon
29
Q

What is translation?

A

Reading mRNA and making protein

30
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

On the ribosome

31
Q

What 3 types of RNA are involved in translation?

A

1.mRNA - message from the DNA
2. tRNA - bring the amino acid’s down
3. rRNA - site on ribosome

32
Q

What is a mutation?

A
  • any change to the DNA
33
Q

What is a small scale mutation? What is it also known as?

A
  • a change in a single base pair or small group
  • also know as point mutations
34
Q

What are the 4 types of small scale mutations?

A

1) Missense
2) Nonsense
3) Silent
4) Frameshift

35
Q

What is a large scale mutation?

A

Affects multiple codons, entire genes, or large regions of a chromosome

36
Q

What are the 5 types of large scale mutations?

A

1) Amplification (aka duplication)
2) Deletion
3) Translocation
4) Transposition
5) Trinucleotide repeat

37
Q

What are the 2 causes of mutations?

A

1) Spontaneous Mutations - mistakes during DNA replication
2) Induced Mutation - caused by an environmental factor
-Mutagen - causes induced mutations
-Carcinogen - causes a mutation which leads to cancer

38
Q

What are operons?

A
  • control transcription
  • beginning of every gene

Bio Grade 12 (4 decks)

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