Metabolism II

Question 1

ATP from NADH

Answer 1

2.5

Question 2

ATP from FADH2

Answer 2

1.5

Question 3

FADH2 electrons

Answer 3

to complex II of ETC

Question 4

NADH electrons

Answer 4

to complex I of ETC

Question 5

rotenone

Answer 5

inhibit complex I of ETC

Question 6

antimycin A

Answer 6

inhibit complex III of ETC

Question 7

cyaninde

Answer 7

inhibit complex IV of ETC

Question 8

CO

Answer 8

inhibit complex IV of ETC

Question 9

oligomycin

Answer 9

inhibit ATP synthase of ETC

-complex V

Question 10

2,4 - dinitrophenol

Answer 10

uncoupling agent

illegal use of weight loss drug

Question 11

aspirin and ETC

Answer 11

uncoupling agent

fever with aspirin OD

Question 12

thermogenin

Answer 12

brown fat component -babies and hibernating animals

uncoupling agent - heat production

Question 13

gluconeogenesis irreversible enzymes

Answer 13

pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate > OAA

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
OAA > PEP

fructose 1,6 bisphoshatase (inhibited fructose 2,6 BP)
fructose 1,6 BP > fructose 6 P

glucose 6 phosphatase
glucose 6 P > glucose

Question 14

gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

occur in liver

-maintain euglycemia during fasting

Question 15

HMP shunt

Answer 15

produce NADPH

from glucose 6-P

G6PD - rate limiting enzyme
-inhibited by NADPH - feedback inhibition

Question 16

rxns of HMP shunt

Answer 16

oxidative - irreversible - source of NADPH

nonoxidative - reversible

Question 17

G6PD deficiency

Answer 17

X-linked recessive

NADPH necessary to keep glutathione reduced

low NADPH - hemolytic anemia
-poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents

fava beans, sulfa drugs, primaquin, TB drugs, infection

Question 18

G6PD deficiency epidemiology

Answer 18

blacks, X-linked recessive

protection against malaria

Question 19

heinz bodies

Answer 19

denatured Hb in RBC precipitate

in G6PD deficiency

Question 20

bite cells

Answer 20

G6PD deficiency

macrophages in spleen remove heinz bodies from RBCs

Question 21

essential fructosuria

Answer 21

benign - auto rec - often asymptomatic

deficient fructokinase

Question 22

deficient fructokinase

Answer 22

essential fructosuria- often asymptomatic

Question 23

fructose intolerance

Answer 23

deficient aldolase B - conversion fructose 1-P - accumulates
-auto rec

sx after have fructose or sucrose (glucose + fructose)

hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis, vomiting

Question 24

avoid with fructose intolerance

Answer 24

fructose
sucrose (glucose and fructose)

aldolase B deficiency

Question 25

galactokinase deficiency

Answer 25

galactitol accumulate - mild condition - auto rec galactose in blood, infantile cataracts

Question 26

classic galactosemia

Answer 26

absence of galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase -auto rec accumulation toxic substances - galactitol - in lens of eye failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, infant cataracts, intellect disability, E. coli sepsis tx - no galactose or lactose (galactose and glucose)

Question 27

deficiency in galactose 1 P uridyltransferase

Answer 27

classic galactosemia accumulation of galactitol - lens of eye

Question 28

sorbitol

Answer 28

alcohol counterpart of glucose enzyme - aldose reductase - glucose > sorbitol then convert sorbitol > fructose (sorbitol DH)

Question 29

deficiency sorbitol DH

Answer 29

no sorbitol > fructose -sorbitol accumulation osmotic damage - cataract, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy

Question 30

high blood levels of galactose

Answer 30

result in conversion to osmotically active galactitol aldose reductase

Question 31

lactase deficiency

Answer 31

function on brush border - digest lactose > glucose and galactose primary - age dependent decline after childhood secondary - loss brush border - gastroenteritis, autoimmune congenital - rare - defective gene

Question 32

bloating, cramps, flatulence, osmotic diarrhea, decreased stool pH, hydrogen increase in breath lactose tolerance test

Answer 32

lactase deficiency

Question 33

protein AAs

Answer 33

only L-amino acids

Question 34

ketogenic AAs

Answer 34

leucine | lysine

Question 35

acidic AAs

Answer 35

aspartic acid glutamic acid negative charge at body pH

Question 36

basic AAs

Answer 36

arginine lysine histidine - no charge at body pH

Question 37

AAs in histones

Answer 37

positive charge arginine and lysine bind negatively charged DNA

Question 38

required periods of growth

Answer 38

Arg and His

Question 39

gluconeogenic AAs

Answer 39

methionine valine histidine

Question 40

excess nitrogen

Answer 40

converted to urea - excreted by kidney

Question 41

ammonia transport

Answer 41

alanine and glutamate

Question 42

glutamate

Answer 42

converted to a-KG

Question 43

amino acid

Answer 43

converted to a-ketoacid