Metabolism- EXAM 2 Flashcards
Catabolic process
the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules
Anabolism
the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules. ( Small compounds (ex:H2O), to monomers, to macromolecules, to structure)
EX: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Exergonic reaction
reaction that releases energy to its surroundings. This gives off energy.
ΔG is negative
EX: Cellular Respiration
Endogonic reaction
chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings, meaning it requires an input of energy to proceed
Reduction
a chemical reaction where electrons are added to a compound, ion, or molecule
Oxidation
a chemical process where a molecule loses electrons, often accompanied by the addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen atoms
Entropy
a measure of disorder or randomness within a system
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism, divided into anabolic and catabolic pathways.
ATP
the main energy carrier in cells. It stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds and releases it.
Activation energy
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
How do enzymes lower activation rate?
by stabilizing the transition state of the reaction, making it easier for reactants to be converted into products.
Glycolysis
A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. FIRST STEP CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cytochrome C Oxidase
Protein complex acting as the final enzyme in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.
Glycosylation
Glycosylation is the attachment of sugar molecules to proteins or lipids, influencing their function and stability.
Process of glycosylation
- Synthesied proteins enter rough ER
2.Sugars are added step-by-step to the carrier, creating a growing oligosaccharide chain. - The sugar chain is then transferred from the lipid carrier to a specific amino acid
- The protein-bound sugar chain undergoes modifications, such as trimming or the addition of more sugars, as it moves from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
- In the Golgi, further modifications to the sugar structure are made, and the glycoprotein is sorted and sent to its final destination, such as the cell membrane or secretion out of the cell.
Purposes of Glycosylation
Protein folding, cell-to-cell recognition, immune function and more
Inhibitor
Slow or stop enzymes. Ex: Aspirin blocks pain signals
Kinase
An enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a molecule
The phosphate-to-phosphate bonds of ATP are “high energy” bonds, in part because
Phosphate groups repel each other.
Catalyst for reactions is a ___er of enzymes
helper
The enzyme is what type of biomolecule?
Protein
Names of enzymes end in ___
ase
Enzymes lower___ and increase _______
activation energy, chemical reactions
ribozyme
An enzyme made of RNA rather than proteins. Function just as enzymes would.
Catalyst
agent that speeds up rate of reaction (enzyme is a catalyst)
Hydrolysis
Water is used to break down a compound.
Dehydration Synthesis
chemical reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones by removing water
The phosphate-to-phosphate bonds of ATP are “high energy” bonds, in part because
ATP has 3 neg charged phosphate groups. These groups repel each other due to their like charges
