Metabolism- EXAM 2

Question 1

Catabolic process

Answer 1

the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules. ( Small compounds (ex:H2O), to monomers, to macromolecules, to structure)
EX: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Question 3

Exergonic reaction

Answer 3

reaction that releases energy to its surroundings. This gives off energy.
ΔG is negative
EX: Cellular Respiration

Question 4

Endogonic reaction

Answer 4

chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings, meaning it requires an input of energy to proceed

Question 5

Reduction

Answer 5

a chemical reaction where electrons are added to a compound, ion, or molecule

Question 6

Oxidation

Answer 6

a chemical process where a molecule loses electrons, often accompanied by the addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen atoms

Question 7

Entropy

Answer 7

a measure of disorder or randomness within a system

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism, divided into anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Question 9

ATP

Answer 9

the main energy carrier in cells. It stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds and releases it.

Question 10

Activation energy

Answer 10

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Question 11

How do enzymes lower activation rate?

Answer 11

by stabilizing the transition state of the reaction, making it easier for reactants to be converted into products.

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. FIRST STEP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 13

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Answer 13

Protein complex acting as the final enzyme in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.

Question 14

Glycosylation

Answer 14

Glycosylation is the attachment of sugar molecules to proteins or lipids, influencing their function and stability.

Question 15

Process of glycosylation

Answer 15

1. Synthesied proteins enter rough ER
   2.Sugars are added step-by-step to the carrier, creating a growing oligosaccharide chain.
2. The sugar chain is then transferred from the lipid carrier to a specific amino acid
3. The protein-bound sugar chain undergoes modifications, such as trimming or the addition of more sugars, as it moves from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
4. In the Golgi, further modifications to the sugar structure are made, and the glycoprotein is sorted and sent to its final destination, such as the cell membrane or secretion out of the cell.

Question 16

Purposes of Glycosylation

Answer 16

Protein folding, cell-to-cell recognition, immune function and more

Question 17

Inhibitor

Answer 17

Slow or stop enzymes. Ex: Aspirin blocks pain signals

Question 18

Kinase

Answer 18

An enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 19

The phosphate-to-phosphate bonds of ATP are “high energy” bonds, in part because

Answer 19

Phosphate groups repel each other.

Question 20

Catalyst for reactions is a ___er of enzymes

Answer 20

helper

Question 21

The enzyme is what type of biomolecule?

Answer 21

Protein

Question 22

Names of enzymes end in ___

Answer 22

ase

Question 23

Enzymes lower___ and increase _______

Answer 23

activation energy, chemical reactions

Question 24

ribozyme

Answer 24

An enzyme made of RNA rather than proteins. Function just as enzymes would.

Question 25

Catalyst

Answer 25

agent that speeds up rate of reaction (enzyme is a catalyst)

Question 26

Hydrolysis

Answer 26

Water is used to break down a compound.

Question 27

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 27

chemical reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones by removing water

Question 28

The phosphate-to-phosphate bonds of ATP are “high energy” bonds, in part because

Answer 28

ATP has 3 neg charged phosphate groups. These groups repel each other due to their like charges