EXAM 1 Flashcards
chapters 1-4
In order for a nutrient to be essential it must meet which 3 criteria
- found in cells 2. deficiency symptoms 3. biochemical function
Covalent bonding is the BLANK of electrons
sharing
Polar v non-polar bonding
Polar is the unequal sharing of electrons while non-polar is the equal sharing of electrons
covalent bond
bond that shares electrons
Hydrogen, atomic number and number of covalent bonds
AN: 1 CB: 1
Is hydrogen polar or non-polar
non-polar
Carbon’s number of covalent bonds
4
Is carbon polar or non polar?
non-polar
Nitrogen’s number of covalent bonds
5
Is nitrogen polar or non-polar?
polar
is oxygen polar or nonpolar?
Polar
Oxygen’s number of covalent bonds
2
Phosphorus’s number of covalent bonds
3-5
Is phosphorus polar or non polar?
polar
is Sulfur polar or non polar?
polar
Sulfur’s number of covalent bonds
2
— and — are at the center of the nucleus (atomic nucleus)
Protons and neutrons
— Number on top and — number on the bottom
Mass, Atomic
Isotopes
Different atomic forms of the same element (different number of neutrons)
Hydrophillic
LOVES water! ex: sugar dissolves in water due to its strong attraction to water molecules
Hydrophobic
FEARS water, like olive oil and water
Lower the pH number the —acidic
more
Covalent bonding
Sharing a pair of electrons with two atoms
Hydrogen bonding
Attractive force of H covalently bonds to an electronegative atom
Electronegative atom
Atom behavior that attracts electrons toward itself.
Hydroxyl Group
one hydrogen and one oxygen atom (-OH or HO-)
Carbonyl Group
carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O)
carboxyl group
carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group
(R-COOH)
Amino group
Nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (NH2)
Hydroxyl Group, polar or non polar?
Polar. Because of Oxygen’s high electronegativity
Carbonyl Group, polar or non polar?
Polar. Because Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than carbon, meaning it attracts electrons more strongly in the C=O bond.
carboxyl group, polar or non polar?
Polar. This is because oxygen atoms with high electronegativity.
Amino group, polar or non polar?
Polar. Nitrogen atom within it is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms it is bonded to
sulfhydryl group
sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (R-SH”, where “R” is any organic group)
Phosphate group
phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. (PO4)
methyl group
one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms (CH3)
sulfhydryl group, polar or non polar?
Polar.
Phosphate group, polar or non polar?
Polar. The oxygen atoms are more electronegative than the phosphorous atom
methyl group, polar or non polar?
Non-polar. Because the carbon-hydrogen bonds within it are nearly equally electronegative, resulting in an even distribution of electrons across the molecule, with no significant positive or negative poles
