Metabolism - Energy Reactions 1

Question 1

How many kJ per gram of fat? And per gram of carbohydrate, alcohol and protein?

Answer 1

37
17
29
16

Respectively

Question 2

What is the basal metabolic rate for a typical 70kg man and 58kg woman in kJ per day?

Answer 2

7000 for a man

5800 for a woman

Assuming 18 degrees centigrade as temperature.

Question 3

What does isothermal mean?

Answer 3

Not being able to use heat energy for work.

Question 4

When Gibbs free energy for a reaction is greater than zero, the reaction is what? (2 things)

Answer 4

Non spontaneous

Endergonic (requiring energy)

Question 5

When Gibbs free energy for a reaction is less than zero, the reaction is said to be what 2 things?

Answer 5

Spontaneous

Exergonic

Question 6

How many kcals to a kilojoule?

Answer 6

4.184

Question 7

Draw a general diagram for an exergonic reaction, detailing Gibbs free energy.

Answer 7

Energy of products should be lower than that of reactants.

Question 8

What are the conditions which describe standard free energy change?

Answer 8

25 degrees Centigrade

1 atmospheric pressure

1 Molar concentration of reactants and products

Question 9

For ATP synthesis, what is the major H carrier molecule?

Answer 9

NAD

Question 10

For biosynthesis, what is the major H carriers molecule?

Answer 10

NADP

Question 11

What is B3 also known as?

Answer 11

Niacin

Question 12

Hydrolysis of a phosphate group from ATP, or ADP, yields how much energy?

Answer 12

-31kJ per mole.

Question 13

At any moment in time, the human body contains how much ATP roughly?

Answer 13

250g

Question 14

Roughly how much ATP do we turnover each day?

Answer 14

Roughly equivalent to our body weight.

Question 15

Adenylate Kinase catalyses what reaction?

Answer 15

2ADP –> ATP + AMP

Question 16

List 4 high energy signals.

Answer 16

ATP
NADPH
NADH
FAD2H

Question 17

What reserves do skeletal muscle rely on in case of urgent need for increasing metabolic activity?

Answer 17

Creative phosphate

Question 18

What enzyme is required for converting Creatine to Phosphocreatine?

Answer 18

Creatine Kinase

Question 19

What two compounds are required to produce Phosphocreatine?

Answer 19

ATP and Creatine

Catalysed by Creatine Kinase

Question 20

When ATP levels are high in skeletal muscle, how is this energy stored?

Answer 20

As Phosphocreatine.

Creatine kinase converts the ATP with Creatine found in muscle to Phosphocreatine, as an energy store which can be relied on in case of need to urgently increase metabolic activity.

Question 21

What enzyme is a useful marker for myocardial infarction?

Answer 21

Creatine Kinase

Question 22

How many subunits is Creatine Kinase comprised of?

Answer 22

Two: CK-MM and CK-MB

Question 23

What Isoform combination of Creatine Kinase is observed in cardiac tissue?

Answer 23

CK-MM at 70%. CK-MB at 25-30%

Question 24

Roughly how much of Creatine reserves and Phosphocreatine reserves are lost to spontaneous breakdown to Creatinine per day?

Answer 24

1.1% and 2.6% respectively.

Question 25

List 4 features of Creatinine

Answer 25

1. Breakdown product of Creatine and PCr
2. Produced by spontaneous reaction at a constant rate.
3. Excreted via kidneys
4. Excretion per 24 hours is proportional to muscle mass.

Question 26

Diagnostically, how is creatinine useful?

Answer 26

If muscle is wasting, creatinine levels are increased. Generally, Creatinine provides a measure of muscle mass.

Also - marker of urine dilution

Question 27

How is reducing power converted to ATP?

Answer 27

Oxidative Phosphorylation