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Medicine Semester 1 > GI System - 1 > Flashcards

GI System - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List 10 components of the alimentary canal.

A 
Mouth
Tongue
Pharynx
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon of large intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
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2
Q

How many layers does the gut wall have?

A

Four

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3
Q

What are the layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa (innermost)
Sub mucosa
Muscularis Externae
Serosae (outermost)

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4
Q

What are Peyer’s patches and where are they typically aggregated in the layers of the GI tract?

A

Group of lymph nodes forming a single layer in the lamina propria (part of mucosal membrane) of the distal ileum.

Sometimes present in jejunum

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5
Q

What structures are present in the gut wall submucosa?

A

Glands
Nerves
Blood vessels

All within this layer of connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the muscularis externae comprised of?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle

Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

Inner circular layer of smooth muscle

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7
Q

How do luminal contents move along the gut?

A

Peristaltic wave action of the muscularis externae

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8
Q

Name 8 major functions of the GI tract.

A

Providing port of entry

Mechanical disruption

Temporary store of food

Chemical digestion

Kill pathogens in food

Move food along GI tract

Absorb nutrients from resultant solution

Remove residual waste

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9
Q

During digestion we want to convert our food into a solution that is…. (Name 3 characteristics)…

A

Relatively sterile
Neutral pH
Isotonic

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10
Q

List the accessory organs of the GI Tract

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Salivary Glands

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11
Q

What nay s arp resent I. Saliva

A

Amylase and lipase

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12
Q

How does saliva protect teeth?

A

Bacteria static (IgA)

High calcium

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13
Q

What is th name of the main mastication muscles?

A

Master muscles

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14
Q

Voluntary control of digestion is found where in the GI tract?

A

Upper end of oesophagus

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15
Q

How long does peristaltic transport take to move bonus through the oesophagus?

A

Approximately 8-9s

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16
Q

What is the innermost and outmost innervation of the oesophagus?

A

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus

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17
Q

How is th stomach adapted to storage, initial disruption and disinfection?

A
  1. Food store
  2. Receptive relaxation so pressure does not rise
  3. Rhythmic contractions with rugae
  4. Secretes HCl and proteolytic enzymes e.g. Pepsinogen
  5. Secrete mucus to protect epithelium
  6. Produces hypertonic chyme by action of acid, enzymes and agitation
  7. Slowly delivers incompletely digested chyme to the duodenum
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18
Q

The Liver and Pancreas connects with which portion of the duodenum?

A

2nd Part

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19
Q

How is chyme’s hypertonic state dealt with in the duodenum?

A

Water is drawn in from the ECF to render the chyme isotonic

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20
Q

What structure releases bile?

What does bile consist of?

A

Liver

Water, alkali, bile salts

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21
Q

How is the gut adapted or absorption?

A

Gut is folded
Villi
Microvilli

All 3 act to increase surface area

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22
Q

What is the length and width of the small intestine?

A

22 feet (7 meters)

1 inch, 2.5 cm long

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23
Q

What is the surface area of the small intestine?

A

25 meters squared.

There is much folding especially in the proximal region of the duodenum

24
Q

What are Plicae Circulares?

A

Circular folds of mucosa and submucosa which project into the gut lumen

25
Q

Where does most of the active absorption take place in the small intestine?

A

At proximal duodenum

26
Q

From beginning to end, what are the features of the large intestine?

A 
Caecum
Ascending colon
Right hepatic flexure
Transverse colon 
Left splenic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
27
Q

What epithelium is found in the colon of the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

28
Q

What do crypts of Lieberkuhn do?

A

Produces much mucus and provides cells to the surface

29
Q

What is a function of the large intestine?

A

Continue water resorption

Contents await expulsion in the colon, NOT the rectum

30
Q

How is defecation stimulated?

A

Contents await expulsion in colon but at times are rapidly expelled into rectum, stretching the rectum and giving the urge to defecate

31
Q

Describe the balance sheet of the gut (produced)

A

1 kg ingested

  1. 5L of saliva in mouth
  2. 5L of gastric secretions

9L of water / alkali from Small Intestine

Total 14L

32
Q

What is the balance sheet of the gut (dealt with)

A

Small intestine absorbs 12.5L

Large intestine absorbs 1.35L

0.15L excreted in faeces

33
Q

What mechanisms ensure motility and secretion control of fluid balance in the gut?

A

Neural

Paracrine

Endocrine

34
Q

Where is the GI system und somatic innervation?

A

At site of immediate ingestion and excretion:

Mouth and first third of oesophagus

Last sphincter of anus

35
Q

What plexus eyes are formed in the GI tract and where are they located?

A

My enteric plexus - formed between the muscle layers of the gut wall

Submucosal plexus - beneath the mucosa

36
Q

From serosa even to lumen, name the layers of the gut wall.

A

Serosa: epithelium & areolar connective tissue

Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Submucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Lamina Propria 
Epithelium of Mucosa
Lumen
37
Q

What is another name for the Submucosal Plexus?

A

Plexus of Meissner

38
Q

How is histamine involved in paracrine control of gut function?

A

Histamine acts locally to control the production of gastric acid.

39
Q

List the 6 accessory digestive organs

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
40
Q

Name the 6 basic processes of the digestive system.

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing and Propulsion (Motility)
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
41
Q

The layers of the GI tract are what?

A

4 - Mucosa
3 - Submucosa
2 - Muscularis
1 - Serosa

42
Q

What is the rate of renewal of GI tract epithelial cells?

A

5 to 7 days. Rapid

43
Q

Where can simple columnar be found in the GI tract?

What is its function?

A

Found in stomach and intestines.

Function: Absorption and Secretion

44
Q

What is the function of tight junctions between neighbouring simple columnar cells?

A

Avoid or restrict leakage between the cells.

45
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the GIT also called?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

46
Q

What structure anatomically divides the anterior portion of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

47
Q

What is areolar connective tissue and what is it comprised of?

A

A mesh form of loose connective tissue.

Comprised of:

Collagen, Elastic and Reticulin Fibres

48
Q

What type of tissue is the Lamina Propria of the GIT? What structures are found here?

A

Areolar connective tissue

Can find Blood Vessels, Lymphatic Vessels and cells of Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

49
Q

How is the stomach and small intestine’s mucous membrane surface area increased?

A

Thin layer of muscularis mucosae throws the mucous membrane into many small folds, increasing the surface area for digestion and absorption

50
Q

What is the submucosa comprised of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

Blood & Lymphatic Vessels

Submucosal Plexus

Glands

Lymphatic tissue

51
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus found?

A

Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle.

Between the layers of the muscularis essentially

52
Q

Where is skeletal muscle under voluntary control found in the GI tract?

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Superior and middle region of oesophagus
External anal sphincter

53
Q

What is another name for the serosa of the GI tract portions suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Visceral peritoneum

54
Q

What is the serosa of the GIT comprised of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium).

55
Q

What portion of the GI tract lacks a serosa?

What is in place of the serosa?

A

Oesophagus.

Single layer of areolar connective tissue called the adventitia forms that superficial layer of the oesophagus

Medicine Semester 1 (6 decks)

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