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Metabolism and renal and nutrition, Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism and nutrition

Ch. 25

A

Title

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2
Q

Complex molecules

A

Glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides

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3
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP

Leads to simple molecules like glucose and amino acids

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4
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules

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5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Reactions:
Glycolysis
TCA cycle
Lipids and proteins

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6
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

Mostly glucose metabolism

  • ATP production
  • amino acid synthesis
  • glycogen synthesis
  • triglyceride synthesis
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7
Q

Lipid metabolism

A

Lipids are Hydrophobic / Nonpolar
(Don’t dissolve in water)

Lipoproteins

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8
Q

Classes of lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons- transport dietary lipids

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLS)
-transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes

Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)- bad

High density lipoproteins (HDLs)- good

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9
Q

Lipid metabolism

A

Cholesterol - come from foods
-synthesized by hepatocytes

Increase in cholesterol increases risk of coronary artery disease

Exercise, diet

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10
Q

Protein metabolism

A

proteins are broken down into amino acids

Used to synthesize new proteins

Oxidized to produce ATP

Proteins function as enzymes

Antibodies, clotting blood, hormones

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11
Q

Protein catabolism

A

Converted to Amino acids

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12
Q

Protein anabolism

A

Creates new proteins by bonding together amino acids

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13
Q

Glucose catabolism

A

Cellular respiration

Break down of glucose into ATP

Glycolysis, Reba cycle, electron transport chain

30 to 32 molecules of ATP

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

Conversion of glucose int pyruvic acid

Doesn’t require oxygen

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15
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Most ATP produced

Requires oxygen

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16
Q

Glucose anabolism

A

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenesis

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17
Q

Triglyceride catabolism

A

Glycerol converted into glucose

Fatty acids catabolized into acetyl coenzyme A

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18
Q

Triglyceride anabolism

A

Synthesis of triglycerides from glucose and fatty acids makes lipogenesis

Adipose tissue store trygkercides

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19
Q

Fasting

A

Going without food for hours or days

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20
Q

Starvation

A

Going without food for inadequate food intake for weeks or months

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21
Q

Metabolic adaptions

A

Starvation- production of ketone bodies

Ketone bodies- used for energy by cells

Formed by breakdown of fatty acids

22
Q

Heat and energy balance

A

Energy intake- dependent on food consumed

Total Energy expenditure based on:

Basal metabolic rate 60%
Physical activity 30-35%
Food induced thermogenesis 5-10%

23
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Metabolic rate- quiet, Resting, fasting stage

Metabolic reactions- control around of heat produced by body
-maintain body temperature

24
Q

Heat and energy balance

A 
Exercise 
Hormones
Nervous system. 
Age
Body temperature 
Increase metabolic rate 
Malnutrition
Climate
25
Q

Regulation and Homeostatic imbalances

A

Lepton ; Ghrelin

Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia, Obesity

26
Q

Nutrition

A

Nutrients are chemicals in food

Nutrients:
Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
27
Q

Nutrition

A

50-60% from carbohydrates
Less than 15% simple sugars
Less than 30% from fats
12-15% from protein

28
Q

Minerals and vitamins

A

Minerals- inorganic elements (like iron, potassium, calcium)

Vitamins-cannot be made by the body

29
Q

Homeostatic imbalances:

Malnutrition

A

Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

30
Q

Minerals

A

Calcium- most abundant

Potassium and sodium - action
potentials

Sodium is regulated by kidneys

Chloride found in extra cellular fluid

31
Q

Urinary system

A

Title

32
Q

Kidney function

A

Excretion of wastes

Regulation of blood ionic composition (Na+,K+,Cl-)

Regulation of blood pH (H+, HCO3-)

Regulation of blood volume and pressure (H2O)

Production of hormones

Regulation of glucose

33
Q

Renal anatomy

A

Retroperitoneal

Renal hilum
-entrance for:

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

34
Q

External layers

A

Renal fascia

Adipose capsule - protects kidneys

Renal capsule

(Connective tissue)

35
Q

Internal renal anatomy

A

Renal cortex- outer layer

Renal medulla- inner region
-papilla

Renal columns

Nephrons
-
-
-
SLIDE 6
36
Q

Blood and nerve supply to kidneys

A

Blood supply:

Nerve supply:

37
Q

Internal renal anatomy

A

Renal cortex - outer layer

Renal medulla - inner region

Renal columns - anchor cortex

Nephrons - function / unit of kidney housed in cortex

38
Q

Blood and nerve supply of kidneys

A

Kidneys receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output

(Cardiac output- measure of blood pumped through heart)

Renal artery 
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries 
Arcuate arteries
Corical radiate arteries 
Afferent arterioles
Glomeruler capillaries 
Efferent articles 
Peritubular capillaries
Paritubular venules 
Renal vein
39
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

80-85% of nephrons

Short loops of hele

Renal corpuscle

Glomerular (bowmans) capsule

Proximal convulated tubule

Nephron loop

40
Q

Structures of a nephron

A

Anatomy:

  • Bowmans capsule (Renal corpuscle)
  • Glomerulus
  • glomerular capsule

PCT

Loop of Henle (Nephron loop)

DCT

41
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

Concentrated urine

Renal corpuscle deep in cortex

Receive blood from vasa recta

42
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus

  • afferent
  • efferent
Bowmans capsule (glomerular capsule)
-visceral layer of podocytes

-parietal layer (top)

Podocyte- foot processes

43
Q

Renal corpuscle: filtration membrane

A

Podocytes form pedicels (filtration slits)

44
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa
-where ascending loop contacts the afferent arteriole

Juxtaglomerular cells

  • smooth muscle cells in wall of arteriole
  • regulates blood pressure
  • ANS
45
Q

Renal physiology: Urine formation

A

Excretion of a solute =
glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption

Glomerular filtration

  • glomerulus
  • filtered into glomerular capsule

Tubular reabsorption
-from renal tubule lumen into peritubular capillaries

Tubular secretion
-secreted from peritubular capillaries into renal tubule

46
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Driven by blood pressure

Opposed by…
Capsular hydrostatic pressure &
Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Out of glomerulus into capsule

150-18 liters of water pass out into glomerular capsule in one day

47
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Glomerular filtration rate

Too high- not reabsorbed

Too low- nearly all reabsorbed and some waste products

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) = 15 mmHg

Osmotic pressure (BCOP) = 30 mmHg

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

48
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

125 ml makes

105 ml female

Controlled by
1.)renal auto regulation
2
3

Page

49
Q

Renal auto regulation

A

Myotonic mechanism
-elevated blood pressure

Tubuloglomerular feedback

  • macula densa inhibits release of nitric oxide
  • macula densa detects increased delivery of Na+ and Cl - and water
50
Q

Neural and hormonal regulation

A

Kidneys are supplied by sympathetic fibers
-afferent arterioles are constructed

Angiotensin ll contracts afferent and efferent arterioles , decreasing GFR

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) relaxes messangial cells, increasing capillary surface area and GFR
-ANP is secreted in response to stretch of the cardiac atria

51
Q

Regulation of GFR

A

Renal auto regulation

Types:

Myogenic mechanism
-decrease in GFR

Tubuglomerular feedback

  • macula densa
  • decreased release of nitric oxide (NO)
  • constriction of

Page 20

Neural regulation
-increase in level of sympathetic nerves relaxes norepinephrine

Page 22

Angiotensin ll

  • Descreased blood
  • pressure stimulates production of

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