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Metabolism and renal and nutrition, Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism and nutrition

Ch. 25

A

Title

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2
Q

Complex molecules

A

Glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides

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3
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP

Leads to simple molecules like glucose and amino acids

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4
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules

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5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Reactions:
Glycolysis
TCA cycle
Lipids and proteins

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6
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

Mostly glucose metabolism

  • ATP production
  • amino acid synthesis
  • glycogen synthesis
  • triglyceride synthesis
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7
Q

Lipid metabolism

A

Lipids are Hydrophobic / Nonpolar
(Don’t dissolve in water)

Lipoproteins

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8
Q

Classes of lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons- transport dietary lipids

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLS)
-transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes

Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)- bad

High density lipoproteins (HDLs)- good

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9
Q

Lipid metabolism

A

Cholesterol - come from foods
-synthesized by hepatocytes

Increase in cholesterol increases risk of coronary artery disease

Exercise, diet

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10
Q

Protein metabolism

A

proteins are broken down into amino acids

Used to synthesize new proteins

Oxidized to produce ATP

Proteins function as enzymes

Antibodies, clotting blood, hormones

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11
Q

Protein catabolism

A

Converted to Amino acids

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12
Q

Protein anabolism

A

Creates new proteins by bonding together amino acids

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13
Q

Glucose catabolism

A

Cellular respiration

Break down of glucose into ATP

Glycolysis, Reba cycle, electron transport chain

30 to 32 molecules of ATP

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

Conversion of glucose int pyruvic acid

Doesn’t require oxygen

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15
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Most ATP produced

Requires oxygen

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16
Q

Glucose anabolism

A

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenesis

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17
Q

Triglyceride catabolism

A

Glycerol converted into glucose

Fatty acids catabolized into acetyl coenzyme A

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18
Q

Triglyceride anabolism

A

Synthesis of triglycerides from glucose and fatty acids makes lipogenesis

Adipose tissue store trygkercides

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19
Q

Fasting

A

Going without food for hours or days

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20
Q

Starvation

A

Going without food for inadequate food intake for weeks or months

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21
Q

Metabolic adaptions

A

Starvation- production of ketone bodies

Ketone bodies- used for energy by cells

Formed by breakdown of fatty acids

22
Q

Heat and energy balance

A

Energy intake- dependent on food consumed

Total Energy expenditure based on:

Basal metabolic rate 60%
Physical activity 30-35%
Food induced thermogenesis 5-10%

23
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Metabolic rate- quiet, Resting, fasting stage

Metabolic reactions- control around of heat produced by body
-maintain body temperature

24
Q

Heat and energy balance

A 
Exercise 
Hormones
Nervous system. 
Age
Body temperature 
Increase metabolic rate 
Malnutrition
Climate
25
Regulation and Homeostatic imbalances
Lepton ; Ghrelin Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia, Obesity
26
Nutrition
Nutrients are chemicals in food ``` Nutrients: Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins ```
27
Nutrition
50-60% from carbohydrates Less than 15% simple sugars Less than 30% from fats 12-15% from protein
28
Minerals and vitamins
Minerals- inorganic elements (like iron, potassium, calcium) Vitamins-cannot be made by the body
29
Homeostatic imbalances: | Malnutrition
Kwashiorkor Marasmus
30
Minerals
Calcium- most abundant Potassium and sodium - action potentials Sodium is regulated by kidneys Chloride found in extra cellular fluid
31
Urinary system
Title
32
Kidney function
Excretion of wastes Regulation of blood ionic composition (Na+,K+,Cl-) Regulation of blood pH (H+, HCO3-) Regulation of blood volume and pressure (H2O) Production of hormones Regulation of glucose
33
Renal anatomy
Retroperitoneal Renal hilum -entrance for: Renal artery Renal vein Ureter
34
External layers
Renal fascia Adipose capsule - protects kidneys Renal capsule (Connective tissue)
35
Internal renal anatomy
Renal cortex- outer layer Renal medulla- inner region -papilla Renal columns ``` Nephrons - - - SLIDE 6 ```
36
Blood and nerve supply to kidneys
Blood supply: Nerve supply:
37
Internal renal anatomy
Renal cortex - outer layer Renal medulla - inner region Renal columns - anchor cortex Nephrons - function / unit of kidney housed in cortex
38
Blood and nerve supply of kidneys
Kidneys receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output (Cardiac output- measure of blood pumped through heart) ``` Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Corical radiate arteries Afferent arterioles Glomeruler capillaries Efferent articles Peritubular capillaries Paritubular venules Renal vein ```
39
Cortical nephrons
80-85% of nephrons Short loops of hele Renal corpuscle Glomerular (bowmans) capsule Proximal convulated tubule Nephron loop
40
Structures of a nephron
Anatomy: - Bowmans capsule (Renal corpuscle) - Glomerulus - glomerular capsule PCT Loop of Henle (Nephron loop) DCT
41
Juxtamedullary nephron
Concentrated urine Renal corpuscle deep in cortex Receive blood from vasa recta
42
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus - afferent - efferent ``` Bowmans capsule (glomerular capsule) -visceral layer of podocytes ``` -parietal layer (top) Podocyte- foot processes
43
Renal corpuscle: filtration membrane
Podocytes form pedicels (filtration slits)
44
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa -where ascending loop contacts the afferent arteriole Juxtaglomerular cells - smooth muscle cells in wall of arteriole - regulates blood pressure - ANS
45
Renal physiology: Urine formation
Excretion of a solute = glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption Glomerular filtration - glomerulus - filtered into glomerular capsule Tubular reabsorption -from renal tubule lumen into peritubular capillaries Tubular secretion -secreted from peritubular capillaries into renal tubule
46
Glomerular filtration
Driven by blood pressure Opposed by... Capsular hydrostatic pressure & Blood colloid osmotic pressure Out of glomerulus into capsule 150-18 liters of water pass out into glomerular capsule in one day
47
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular filtration rate Too high- not reabsorbed Too low- nearly all reabsorbed and some waste products Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) = 15 mmHg Osmotic pressure (BCOP) = 30 mmHg Net filtration pressure (NFP)
48
Glomerular filtration rate
125 ml makes 105 ml female Controlled by 1.)renal auto regulation 2 3 Page
49
Renal auto regulation
Myotonic mechanism -elevated blood pressure Tubuloglomerular feedback - macula densa inhibits release of nitric oxide - macula densa detects increased delivery of Na+ and Cl - and water
50
Neural and hormonal regulation
Kidneys are supplied by sympathetic fibers -afferent arterioles are constructed Angiotensin ll contracts afferent and efferent arterioles , decreasing GFR Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) relaxes messangial cells, increasing capillary surface area and GFR -ANP is secreted in response to stretch of the cardiac atria
51
Regulation of GFR
Renal auto regulation Types: Myogenic mechanism -decrease in GFR Tubuglomerular feedback - macula densa - decreased release of nitric oxide (NO) - constriction of Page 20 Neural regulation -increase in level of sympathetic nerves relaxes norepinephrine Page 22 Angiotensin ll - Descreased blood - pressure stimulates production of

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