Metabolism and renal and nutrition, Urinary system Flashcards
Metabolism and nutrition
Ch. 25
Title
Complex molecules
Glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides
Catabolic reactions
Transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP
Leads to simple molecules like glucose and amino acids
Anabolic reactions
Transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules
Cellular respiration
Reactions:
Glycolysis
TCA cycle
Lipids and proteins
Carbohydrate metabolism
Mostly glucose metabolism
- ATP production
- amino acid synthesis
- glycogen synthesis
- triglyceride synthesis
Lipid metabolism
Lipids are Hydrophobic / Nonpolar
(Don’t dissolve in water)
Lipoproteins
Classes of lipoproteins
Chylomicrons- transport dietary lipids
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLS)
-transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes
Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)- bad
High density lipoproteins (HDLs)- good
Lipid metabolism
Cholesterol - come from foods
-synthesized by hepatocytes
Increase in cholesterol increases risk of coronary artery disease
Exercise, diet
Protein metabolism
proteins are broken down into amino acids
Used to synthesize new proteins
Oxidized to produce ATP
Proteins function as enzymes
Antibodies, clotting blood, hormones
Protein catabolism
Converted to Amino acids
Protein anabolism
Creates new proteins by bonding together amino acids
Glucose catabolism
Cellular respiration
Break down of glucose into ATP
Glycolysis, Reba cycle, electron transport chain
30 to 32 molecules of ATP
Glycolysis
Conversion of glucose int pyruvic acid
Doesn’t require oxygen
Electron transport chain
Most ATP produced
Requires oxygen
Glucose anabolism
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
Triglyceride catabolism
Glycerol converted into glucose
Fatty acids catabolized into acetyl coenzyme A
Triglyceride anabolism
Synthesis of triglycerides from glucose and fatty acids makes lipogenesis
Adipose tissue store trygkercides
Fasting
Going without food for hours or days
Starvation
Going without food for inadequate food intake for weeks or months
Metabolic adaptions
Starvation- production of ketone bodies
Ketone bodies- used for energy by cells
Formed by breakdown of fatty acids
Heat and energy balance
Energy intake- dependent on food consumed
Total Energy expenditure based on:
Basal metabolic rate 60%
Physical activity 30-35%
Food induced thermogenesis 5-10%
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Metabolic rate- quiet, Resting, fasting stage
Metabolic reactions- control around of heat produced by body
-maintain body temperature
Heat and energy balance
Exercise Hormones Nervous system. Age Body temperature Increase metabolic rate Malnutrition Climate
Regulation and Homeostatic imbalances
Lepton ; Ghrelin
Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia, Obesity
Nutrition
Nutrients are chemicals in food
Nutrients: Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins
Nutrition
50-60% from carbohydrates
Less than 15% simple sugars
Less than 30% from fats
12-15% from protein
Minerals and vitamins
Minerals- inorganic elements (like iron, potassium, calcium)
Vitamins-cannot be made by the body
Homeostatic imbalances:
Malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Minerals
Calcium- most abundant
Potassium and sodium - action
potentials
Sodium is regulated by kidneys
Chloride found in extra cellular fluid
Urinary system
Title
Kidney function
Excretion of wastes
Regulation of blood ionic composition (Na+,K+,Cl-)
Regulation of blood pH (H+, HCO3-)
Regulation of blood volume and pressure (H2O)
Production of hormones
Regulation of glucose
Renal anatomy
Retroperitoneal
Renal hilum
-entrance for:
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
External layers
Renal fascia
Adipose capsule - protects kidneys
Renal capsule
(Connective tissue)
Internal renal anatomy
Renal cortex- outer layer
Renal medulla- inner region
-papilla
Renal columns
Nephrons - - - SLIDE 6
Blood and nerve supply to kidneys
Blood supply:
Nerve supply:
Internal renal anatomy
Renal cortex - outer layer
Renal medulla - inner region
Renal columns - anchor cortex
Nephrons - function / unit of kidney housed in cortex
Blood and nerve supply of kidneys
Kidneys receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output
(Cardiac output- measure of blood pumped through heart)
Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Corical radiate arteries Afferent arterioles Glomeruler capillaries Efferent articles Peritubular capillaries Paritubular venules Renal vein
Cortical nephrons
80-85% of nephrons
Short loops of hele
Renal corpuscle
Glomerular (bowmans) capsule
Proximal convulated tubule
Nephron loop
Structures of a nephron
Anatomy:
- Bowmans capsule (Renal corpuscle)
- Glomerulus
- glomerular capsule
PCT
Loop of Henle (Nephron loop)
DCT
Juxtamedullary nephron
Concentrated urine
Renal corpuscle deep in cortex
Receive blood from vasa recta
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
- afferent
- efferent
Bowmans capsule (glomerular capsule) -visceral layer of podocytes
-parietal layer (top)
Podocyte- foot processes
Renal corpuscle: filtration membrane
Podocytes form pedicels (filtration slits)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa
-where ascending loop contacts the afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular cells
- smooth muscle cells in wall of arteriole
- regulates blood pressure
- ANS
Renal physiology: Urine formation
Excretion of a solute =
glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption
Glomerular filtration
- glomerulus
- filtered into glomerular capsule
Tubular reabsorption
-from renal tubule lumen into peritubular capillaries
Tubular secretion
-secreted from peritubular capillaries into renal tubule
Glomerular filtration
Driven by blood pressure
Opposed by…
Capsular hydrostatic pressure &
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Out of glomerulus into capsule
150-18 liters of water pass out into glomerular capsule in one day
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular filtration rate
Too high- not reabsorbed
Too low- nearly all reabsorbed and some waste products
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) = 15 mmHg
Osmotic pressure (BCOP) = 30 mmHg
Net filtration pressure (NFP)
Glomerular filtration rate
125 ml makes
105 ml female
Controlled by
1.)renal auto regulation
2
3
Page
Renal auto regulation
Myotonic mechanism
-elevated blood pressure
Tubuloglomerular feedback
- macula densa inhibits release of nitric oxide
- macula densa detects increased delivery of Na+ and Cl - and water
Neural and hormonal regulation
Kidneys are supplied by sympathetic fibers
-afferent arterioles are constructed
Angiotensin ll contracts afferent and efferent arterioles , decreasing GFR
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) relaxes messangial cells, increasing capillary surface area and GFR
-ANP is secreted in response to stretch of the cardiac atria
Regulation of GFR
Renal auto regulation
Types:
Myogenic mechanism
-decrease in GFR
Tubuglomerular feedback
- macula densa
- decreased release of nitric oxide (NO)
- constriction of
Page 20
Neural regulation
-increase in level of sympathetic nerves relaxes norepinephrine
Page 22
Angiotensin ll
- Descreased blood
- pressure stimulates production of
