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Flash Cards > Lympathic System And Immunity > Flashcards

Lympathic System And Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

Adaptive immunity

A

.

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2
Q

Innate immunity

Nonspecific resistance

A

Present at birth

….

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

Foreign substance

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4
Q

Immunity

A

Bodies ability to fight against disease

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5
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A

Drain interstitial fluid

Transport dietary fats

Carry out immune responses

Structural system

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6
Q

Immune system

A

Functional system

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7
Q

Subclavian veins

A

Where the lymphatic system comes together

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8
Q

The lymphatic vessels, trunk, and capillaries

A

Lymphatic capillaries are closed on one end

Lymphatic vessels have thin walls and many valves

Lymph trunks merge to form the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct

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9
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Empties into right subclavian vein

Drains quarter of body

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10
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Empties into left subclavian veins

Drains everything else

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11
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone barrow

Thymus

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12
Q

Thymus gland

A

Site of T cell maturation

Produced Thymosin and thymopoietins

Peak function during childhood

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13
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs & tissues

A

Sites where most immune responses occur m

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic nodules

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14
Q

Structure of a lymph node

A

More afferent vessels than efferent *

Lymph enter through afferent and exit through efferent

(Afferent- arrive) (efferent- exit)

Slow flow through nodes

Allows lymphocytes and macrophages

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15
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Large clusters in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions

Surrounded by CT capsule

More afferent than efferent

Flow through more than one lymph node

Contain reticular fibers that act as a filter

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16
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocytes check blood for bacteria, viruses, and debris

Left side of abdomen

Spleen destroys and stores breakdown products of old RBC

Spleen acts as blood reservoir and stores platelets

Produces RBCs in fetus

Splenectomy- removal of spleen

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17
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

Not surrounded by a capsule

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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18
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Tonsils

Small asses of tissue ring the throat *

Tonsillitis-due to excess bacteria

Peter’s patches- wall of small intestines *

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19
Q

Non- Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Occurs in young people

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20
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

Malignant lymphoid tissue, malignant B cells, genetic

Sentinel node- first node that receives lymph damage

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21
Q

What filters lymph?

A

Lymph nodes

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22
Q

Where does filtered lymph return blood?

A

Subclavian veins

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23
Q

Immunology

A

Study of immune system

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24
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing microorganism

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25
Q

Antigen- protein recognized by immune system.

A

.

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26
Q

Antibody

A

Protein that tags a foreign substance

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27
Q

Nonself

A

Foreign, threat

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28
Q

Self

A

Not seen as threat

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29
Q

Innate immunity

Nonspecific system

A

First and second line of defense

Born with it

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30
Q

Adaptive system/immunity

Specific system

A

Third line of defense

Attacks particular foreign substances

Specific lymphocytes

Combat a particular pathogen

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31
Q

Macrophages

A

Derives from monocytes

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32
Q

Neutrophils

A

.become phagocytic upon encountering foreign substance

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33
Q

Eosinophils

A

Weak phagocytes, defend against parasitic worms

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34
Q

Clonal selection

A

Proliferation and differentiation

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35
Q

Plasma cells

A

Secrete antibodies

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36
Q

Memory B cells

A

Long lived

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37
Q

Helper T Cells

A

….

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38
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce 2000 molecules per second

More antibody (ab) than B cells

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39
Q

Memory cells

A

Responsible for….

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40
Q

Antibodies

Immunoglobulins/ lgs

A

Types are : igM, igA, igD, igG, igE

Function: forms antigen-antibody complex

Mechanisms: 
Agglutination -
Naturalization -
Precipitation -
Complement Fixation -
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41
Q

Secondary Humoral response

A

Chart is called Antibody Titer (arbitrary units)

More effective, bettered, faster

(Titer means higher levels)

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42
Q

Active humoral immunity

A

Naturally acquired during infection

Artificially acquired with vaccines-contain dead or attenuated pathogens and

Promoted immunological memory by providing antigenic determinants

Spared most of the symptoms of disease

Smallpox, polio, measles, etc.

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43
Q

Passive Humoral Immunity

A

Natural- fetus gets passive immunity

Artificial- given immune serum
Given after snake bite, rabies, etc.

No memory

Effects short-lived (2-3 wks)

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44
Q

Self study slides???

A

…

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45
Q

Disorders

A

AIDS- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

  • caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • destroys Helper T cells
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46
Q

Transplants and Rejections

A

Autograft (self)
Isograft (twin)
Allograft (most common)
Xenograft (tissue from another species)

Tissue Rejection and MHC

Patient receives immunosuppressive therapy

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47
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus- pancreas

Multiple sclerosis- myelin sheaths

Graves’ disease- thyroid gland

Rheumatoid arthritis- joints

Glomerulonephritis- kidneys

Myasthenia Travis- neuromuscular

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—

48
Q

Homeostatic imbalances: Allergies

A

Allergies happen when a person is overly reactive

Immediate Hypersensitivities: 
Begins in seconds 
Vast about of antibodies 
Reaction is Systemic 
Inhaled allergens- cause asthma

Anaphylactic shock

49
Q

Cytotoxic (subacute) hypersensitivities

A

..

50
Q

Delayed hypersensitivities

A

Slow; 1-3 days after exposure

  • happens diffuse through skin
  • example is poison ivy
51
Q

Breast milk provides infant w antibodies helping to protect infant, this type of immunity is

A

Natural passive immunity

52
Q

Cells require antigen presentation to be activated

A

T cells

53
Q

Respiratory system

A

………

54
Q

Breathing and respiration

A

Respiration- exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and cells

External & Internal Respiration

55
Q

Structurally

A

Upper & lower respiratory system

56
Q

Functionally

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

57
Q

Structures of respiratory system

A

Upper includes nose, pharynx, and associated structures

Lower-

58
Q

Regions of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

59
Q

Internal anatomy of nose

A

Lined w mucous membrane

Framework formed by frontal, nasal, and maxillary bones

60
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for air and food

Immunological reactions

61
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

Voice box

Contain vocal folds which produce sound when vibrated

Passageway connecting pharynx and trachea

  • epiglottis
  • hyoid bone
  • epiglottis
  • Corniculate cartilage
  • thyroid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage
  • cricothyroid ligament
  • cricoid cartilage
62
Q

Trachea

A

Supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Ciliated epithelial cells

Extends from launch to primary bronchi

63
Q

Bronchi

A

5th thoracic vertebra

Conducting and respiratory zone

Branching of bronchial tree

Trachea
-
Main bronchi
-
Lobar bronchi
- 
Segmental bronchi 
-
Bronchioles 
-
Terminal bronchioles
64
Q

Alveoli box

A

…..

65
Q

Alveolar cells

A

Type 1 and type 2

66
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Type 1 and 2

Capillary basement membrane

Capillary endothelium

Epithelial basement membrane underlying alveolar wall

Type 1 and 2 alveolar cells

…

67
Q

Blood supply to lungs

A

Blood entered lungs via pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and bronchial arteries (systemic circulation)

Blood exits lungs via pulmonary veins and bronchial veins

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

68
Q

Respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation

External (pulmonary) respiration

  • Oxygen moves from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries
  • Diffusion

Internal (tissue) respiration
-Oxygen moves from systemic capillaries into tissues

69
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Inhalation/exhalation

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during inhalation

70
Q

Boyles law

A

Volume and pressure of gas

71
Q

Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A

Surface tension
-force directed inward

Compliance
-elastic recoil

Resistance
-asthma and copd

(Surface tension opposes pulmonary ventilation)

72
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing

Apnea
Dyspnea
Tachypnea

73
Q

Respiratory volumes and capacities

A

Inspiratory capacity…

Copy paste bottom of page

74
Q

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

A

Dalton’s law

Henry’s law
-The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportion to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when temp is constant

75
Q

External and internal respiration

A

During external respiration, oxygen diffuses from alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries

During internal respiration, oxygen will diffuse from the systemic capillaries into the tissue

76
Q

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Oxygen:

  • 98.5% of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin(Hb)
  • 1.5% is dissolves in plasma

Carbon dioxide:

  • carbamino-hemoglobin
  • 7% of CO2 is dissolved
77
Q

Factors affecting affinity of Hb and O2

A

……

PH

78
Q

Transport of carbon dioxide

A

Dissolves CO2

Carbamino compounds (carvaminohemoglobin)

Bicarbonate ions

79
Q

Control of respiration.

A

Cortical influences

Chemoreceptors
-monitor levels of O2 and CO2

Hypoxia

  • oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
  • caused by low oxygen due to air obstruction

Hypercapnia
-increase in carton dioxide (and H+)

80
Q

Hypoxia

A

Hypoxic

  • high altitude
  • air obstruction

Anemic

Ischemic
-reduced blood flow

Histotoxic

81
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A
  • kill cancer cells and virus infected cells

* release perforins, chemicals that cause the target cell to disintegrate

82
Q

Inflammatory response is

A

Includes pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat (PRISH)

•histamines and cytokines

Chemical effects include….
•blood vessels dilate causing hyperemia(redness and heat)
•exudate ( swelling and pain)
•chemotaxis- attract phagocytes and WBCs

83
Q

Inflammatory response (con’t)

A

Disposes of cell debris and pathogens

84
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Pus

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

Abscesses and ulcers

85
Q

Antimicrobial Chemicals

A

Interferon (IFN) proteins
-proteins produced by virus infected cells that prevent replication.

  • enzyme PKR protein that interferes with virus replication
  • used to combat hepatitis C and Herpes
86
Q

Antimicrobial Chemicals

A

Complement proteins

  • 20-30 plasma proteins in blood
  • amplify inflammatory response and causes cell lysis

Complement fixation

  • membrane attack complexes (proteins form holes in cell membrane for lysis
  • opsonization (coating of microbe) easier for adherence (phagocytosis)
87
Q

Fever

A
  • abnormally high body temp
  • pyrogens

-mild to moderate fever
•liver and spleen gather iron and zinc so that bacteria can multiply
•increases metabolic rates

•high fever- dangerous due to denaturation (proteins/enzymes break down)

88
Q

Immune response to antigens (3rd line of defense)

A
  • antigen specific

* memory

89
Q

Innate defenses

A

1 surface barriers

2 Internal defenses

90
Q

Adaptive defenses

A

•humoral immunity
-B cells

•cellular immunity
-T cells

91
Q

Adaptive immunity (specific)

A
  • defends itself against specific invading agents
  • antigens are antibody generating
  • adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is divided into 2 types
  1. Cell mediated (t cells mature in the thymus)
  2. Antibody-mediated (b cells mature in the bone marrow)
92
Q

Antigens

A

•self antigens

  • major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
  • may be antigenic to others

•types - complete or incomplete

93
Q

Complete Antigens

A

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
•immunogenicity
-antigenic determinants (epitopes) (immunogenic parts of antigen)
-plastics are used for artificial implants
•Reactivity-react e lymphocytes and Abs

STRUCTURE
•proteins (strongest) : carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
•Pollen grains and Microorganism surfaces can have foreign macromolecules

94
Q

Incomplete Antigens

A

•Haptens

  • small molecules that have REACTIVITY but not immunogenicity
  • allergies result after immunogenicity is linked w a SELF PROTEIN

•structure
(Poison ivy, danger, detergents, cosmetics, etc.)

95
Q

APC (Antigen presenting cell)

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells in skin Macrophages

Activated B Lymphocytes

96
Q

Clonal selection

A

Small number of T cells proliferate and differentiate

97
Q

Helper T cells

A

CD4 cells

Release chemicals

Macrophages, B cells, T cells

•Release Cytokines

  • stimulates T cell and B cells growth
  • attracts other WBCs

MEMORY T CELLS

98
Q

Cytotoxic (killer) T cell

A

CD8 Cells

  • virus, cancer cells
  • inserts toxins (perforins) into foreign cell membrane
99
Q

Activity of cytotoxic T cells

A

Releases granules with perforins

Granzymes enter pores

100
Q

Disorders

A

Asthma,
COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis),
Pulmonary edema
Etc.

101
Q

Byproducts in smoking

A

Carbon monoxide

102
Q

Digestive system slides

A

…..

103
Q

Components of digestion

A

GI tract tube components: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

Accessory structures: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

104
Q

Organs of digestive system

A

Salivary glands: parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

Teeth

Liver
Duodenum
Gallbladder
Jejunem
Ileum 
Pancreas
105
Q

Digestive processes

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Motility
Digestion
Absorption
Defection
106
Q

Layers of the GI tract

A

Esophagus to large intestines

Lumen

Mucosa (inner)
(Secretes mucus and enzymes)

Submucosa
(Blood vessels and lymphatics)

Muscularis externa
(Peristalsis and segmentation)

Serosa (outer)
(Peritoneum)

107
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual

•salivary amylase- enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

108
Q

Mechanical digestion.

A

Forms bolus (chewed up food)

109
Q

Chemical digestion in mouth

A

Salivary amylase-
Converts pol

Lingual lipase-
Conver
………….

110
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects pharynx to stomach

Posterior (behind) to the Trachea

111
Q

Phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary stage

Pharyngeal stage

Esophageal stage (swallowing)

112
Q

Deglutition (swallowing)

A

Tongue rises

Epiglottis covers larynx

113
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

Gastroesophageal reflux
—heartburn
—esophagus erodes from acidic reflux

Hiatal Hernia

114
Q

Stomach

A 
Regions:
Cardia
Fundus 
Body
Pylorus

Layers: muscularis and mucosa

Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
Oblique layer

115
Q

Functions of stomach

A

Secretes gastric juice, which contains…
HCI, pepsin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase

Reservoir for food

Forms Chyme from food

116
Q

Gastric glands & cells in the body

A

Mucus, HCI, intrinsic factor, pepsinoven, gastric lipase, gastric

Cells:
Surface mucous cells
(Secretes mucous)

Mucous neck cells
(Secretes mucous)

Parietal cell
(Secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor)

Chief cell (secretes Pepsi og in and gastric lipase)

G cells (secrete gastrin)

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