Lympathic System And Immunity Flashcards
Immunity
Adaptive immunity
.
Innate immunity
Nonspecific resistance
Present at birth
….
Pathogen
Foreign substance
Immunity
Bodies ability to fight against disease
Lymphatic system functions
Drain interstitial fluid
Transport dietary fats
Carry out immune responses
Structural system
Immune system
Functional system
Subclavian veins
Where the lymphatic system comes together
The lymphatic vessels, trunk, and capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries are closed on one end
Lymphatic vessels have thin walls and many valves
Lymph trunks merge to form the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Empties into right subclavian vein
Drains quarter of body
Thoracic duct
Empties into left subclavian veins
Drains everything else
Primary lymphatic organs
Red bone barrow
Thymus
Thymus gland
Site of T cell maturation
Produced Thymosin and thymopoietins
Peak function during childhood
Secondary lymphatic organs & tissues
Sites where most immune responses occur m
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic nodules
Structure of a lymph node
More afferent vessels than efferent *
Lymph enter through afferent and exit through efferent
(Afferent- arrive) (efferent- exit)
Slow flow through nodes
Allows lymphocytes and macrophages
Lymph nodes
Large clusters in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions
Surrounded by CT capsule
More afferent than efferent
Flow through more than one lymph node
Contain reticular fibers that act as a filter
Lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes check blood for bacteria, viruses, and debris
Left side of abdomen
Spleen destroys and stores breakdown products of old RBC
Spleen acts as blood reservoir and stores platelets
Produces RBCs in fetus
Splenectomy- removal of spleen
Lymphatic nodules
Not surrounded by a capsule
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Lymphoid tissue
Tonsils
Small asses of tissue ring the throat *
Tonsillitis-due to excess bacteria
Peter’s patches- wall of small intestines *
Non- Hodgkin lymphoma
Occurs in young people
Hodgkin disease
Malignant lymphoid tissue, malignant B cells, genetic
Sentinel node- first node that receives lymph damage
What filters lymph?
Lymph nodes
Where does filtered lymph return blood?
Subclavian veins
Immunology
Study of immune system
Pathogen
Disease causing microorganism
Antigen- protein recognized by immune system.
.
Antibody
Protein that tags a foreign substance
Nonself
Foreign, threat
Self
Not seen as threat
Innate immunity
Nonspecific system
First and second line of defense
Born with it
Adaptive system/immunity
Specific system
Third line of defense
Attacks particular foreign substances
Specific lymphocytes
Combat a particular pathogen
Macrophages
Derives from monocytes
Neutrophils
.become phagocytic upon encountering foreign substance
Eosinophils
Weak phagocytes, defend against parasitic worms
Clonal selection
Proliferation and differentiation
Plasma cells
Secrete antibodies
Memory B cells
Long lived
Helper T Cells
….
Plasma cells
Produce 2000 molecules per second
More antibody (ab) than B cells
Memory cells
Responsible for….
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins/ lgs
Types are : igM, igA, igD, igG, igE
Function: forms antigen-antibody complex
Mechanisms: Agglutination - Naturalization - Precipitation - Complement Fixation -
Secondary Humoral response
Chart is called Antibody Titer (arbitrary units)
More effective, bettered, faster
(Titer means higher levels)
Active humoral immunity
Naturally acquired during infection
Artificially acquired with vaccines-contain dead or attenuated pathogens and
Promoted immunological memory by providing antigenic determinants
Spared most of the symptoms of disease
Smallpox, polio, measles, etc.
Passive Humoral Immunity
Natural- fetus gets passive immunity
Artificial- given immune serum
Given after snake bite, rabies, etc.
No memory
Effects short-lived (2-3 wks)
Self study slides???
…
Disorders
AIDS- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- destroys Helper T cells
Transplants and Rejections
Autograft (self)
Isograft (twin)
Allograft (most common)
Xenograft (tissue from another species)
Tissue Rejection and MHC
Patient receives immunosuppressive therapy
Autoimmune Diseases
Type 1 diabetes mellitus- pancreas
Multiple sclerosis- myelin sheaths
Graves’ disease- thyroid gland
Rheumatoid arthritis- joints
Glomerulonephritis- kidneys
Myasthenia Travis- neuromuscular
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—
Homeostatic imbalances: Allergies
Allergies happen when a person is overly reactive
Immediate Hypersensitivities: Begins in seconds Vast about of antibodies Reaction is Systemic Inhaled allergens- cause asthma
Anaphylactic shock
Cytotoxic (subacute) hypersensitivities
..
Delayed hypersensitivities
Slow; 1-3 days after exposure
- happens diffuse through skin
- example is poison ivy
Breast milk provides infant w antibodies helping to protect infant, this type of immunity is
Natural passive immunity
Cells require antigen presentation to be activated
T cells
Respiratory system
………
Breathing and respiration
Respiration- exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and cells
External & Internal Respiration
Structurally
Upper & lower respiratory system
Functionally
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
Structures of respiratory system
Upper includes nose, pharynx, and associated structures
Lower-
Regions of pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Internal anatomy of nose
Lined w mucous membrane
Framework formed by frontal, nasal, and maxillary bones
Pharynx
Passageway for air and food
Immunological reactions
Larynx
Voice box
Voice box
Contain vocal folds which produce sound when vibrated
Passageway connecting pharynx and trachea
- epiglottis
- hyoid bone
- epiglottis
- Corniculate cartilage
- thyroid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage
- cricothyroid ligament
- cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings
Ciliated epithelial cells
Extends from launch to primary bronchi
Bronchi
5th thoracic vertebra
Conducting and respiratory zone
Branching of bronchial tree
Trachea - Main bronchi - Lobar bronchi - Segmental bronchi - Bronchioles - Terminal bronchioles
Alveoli box
…..
Alveolar cells
Type 1 and type 2
Respiratory membrane
Type 1 and 2
Capillary basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
Epithelial basement membrane underlying alveolar wall
Type 1 and 2 alveolar cells
…
Blood supply to lungs
Blood entered lungs via pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and bronchial arteries (systemic circulation)
Blood exits lungs via pulmonary veins and bronchial veins
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
External (pulmonary) respiration
- Oxygen moves from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries
- Diffusion
Internal (tissue) respiration
-Oxygen moves from systemic capillaries into tissues
Pulmonary Ventilation
Inhalation/exhalation
Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during inhalation
Boyles law
Volume and pressure of gas
Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
Surface tension
-force directed inward
Compliance
-elastic recoil
Resistance
-asthma and copd
(Surface tension opposes pulmonary ventilation)
Eupnea
Normal breathing
Apnea
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Inspiratory capacity…
Copy paste bottom of page
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
Dalton’s law
Henry’s law
-The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportion to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when temp is constant
External and internal respiration
During external respiration, oxygen diffuses from alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries
During internal respiration, oxygen will diffuse from the systemic capillaries into the tissue
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Oxygen:
- 98.5% of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin(Hb)
- 1.5% is dissolves in plasma
Carbon dioxide:
- carbamino-hemoglobin
- 7% of CO2 is dissolved
Factors affecting affinity of Hb and O2
……
PH
Transport of carbon dioxide
Dissolves CO2
Carbamino compounds (carvaminohemoglobin)
Bicarbonate ions
Control of respiration.
Cortical influences
Chemoreceptors
-monitor levels of O2 and CO2
Hypoxia
- oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
- caused by low oxygen due to air obstruction
Hypercapnia
-increase in carton dioxide (and H+)
Hypoxia
Hypoxic
- high altitude
- air obstruction
Anemic
Ischemic
-reduced blood flow
Histotoxic
Natural Killer (NK) cells
- kill cancer cells and virus infected cells
* release perforins, chemicals that cause the target cell to disintegrate
Inflammatory response is
Includes pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat (PRISH)
•histamines and cytokines
Chemical effects include….
•blood vessels dilate causing hyperemia(redness and heat)
•exudate ( swelling and pain)
•chemotaxis- attract phagocytes and WBCs
Inflammatory response (con’t)
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
Inflammatory response
Pus
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Abscesses and ulcers
Antimicrobial Chemicals
Interferon (IFN) proteins
-proteins produced by virus infected cells that prevent replication.
- enzyme PKR protein that interferes with virus replication
- used to combat hepatitis C and Herpes
Antimicrobial Chemicals
Complement proteins
- 20-30 plasma proteins in blood
- amplify inflammatory response and causes cell lysis
Complement fixation
- membrane attack complexes (proteins form holes in cell membrane for lysis
- opsonization (coating of microbe) easier for adherence (phagocytosis)
Fever
- abnormally high body temp
- pyrogens
-mild to moderate fever
•liver and spleen gather iron and zinc so that bacteria can multiply
•increases metabolic rates
•high fever- dangerous due to denaturation (proteins/enzymes break down)
Immune response to antigens (3rd line of defense)
- antigen specific
* memory
Innate defenses
1 surface barriers
2 Internal defenses
Adaptive defenses
•humoral immunity
-B cells
•cellular immunity
-T cells
Adaptive immunity (specific)
- defends itself against specific invading agents
- antigens are antibody generating
- adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is divided into 2 types
- Cell mediated (t cells mature in the thymus)
- Antibody-mediated (b cells mature in the bone marrow)
Antigens
•self antigens
- major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- may be antigenic to others
•types - complete or incomplete
Complete Antigens
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
•immunogenicity
-antigenic determinants (epitopes) (immunogenic parts of antigen)
-plastics are used for artificial implants
•Reactivity-react e lymphocytes and Abs
STRUCTURE
•proteins (strongest) : carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
•Pollen grains and Microorganism surfaces can have foreign macromolecules
Incomplete Antigens
•Haptens
- small molecules that have REACTIVITY but not immunogenicity
- allergies result after immunogenicity is linked w a SELF PROTEIN
•structure
(Poison ivy, danger, detergents, cosmetics, etc.)
APC (Antigen presenting cell)
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells in skin Macrophages
Activated B Lymphocytes
Clonal selection
Small number of T cells proliferate and differentiate
Helper T cells
CD4 cells
Release chemicals
Macrophages, B cells, T cells
•Release Cytokines
- stimulates T cell and B cells growth
- attracts other WBCs
MEMORY T CELLS
Cytotoxic (killer) T cell
CD8 Cells
- virus, cancer cells
- inserts toxins (perforins) into foreign cell membrane
Activity of cytotoxic T cells
Releases granules with perforins
Granzymes enter pores
Disorders
Asthma,
COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis),
Pulmonary edema
Etc.
Byproducts in smoking
Carbon monoxide
Digestive system slides
…..
Components of digestion
GI tract tube components: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum
Accessory structures: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
Organs of digestive system
Salivary glands: parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland
Teeth
Liver Duodenum Gallbladder Jejunem Ileum Pancreas
Digestive processes
Ingestion Secretion Motility Digestion Absorption Defection
Layers of the GI tract
Esophagus to large intestines
Lumen
Mucosa (inner)
(Secretes mucus and enzymes)
Submucosa
(Blood vessels and lymphatics)
Muscularis externa (Peristalsis and segmentation)
Serosa (outer)
(Peritoneum)
Salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
•salivary amylase- enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
Mechanical digestion.
Forms bolus (chewed up food)
Chemical digestion in mouth
Salivary amylase-
Converts pol
Lingual lipase-
Conver
………….
Esophagus
Connects pharynx to stomach
Posterior (behind) to the Trachea
Phases of swallowing
Voluntary stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage (swallowing)
Deglutition (swallowing)
Tongue rises
Epiglottis covers larynx
Homeostatic imbalance
Gastroesophageal reflux
—heartburn
—esophagus erodes from acidic reflux
Hiatal Hernia
Stomach
Regions: Cardia Fundus Body Pylorus
Layers: muscularis and mucosa
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
Oblique layer
Functions of stomach
Secretes gastric juice, which contains…
HCI, pepsin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase
Reservoir for food
Forms Chyme from food
Gastric glands & cells in the body
Mucus, HCI, intrinsic factor, pepsinoven, gastric lipase, gastric
Cells:
Surface mucous cells
(Secretes mucous)
Mucous neck cells
(Secretes mucous)
Parietal cell (Secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor)
Chief cell (secretes Pepsi og in and gastric lipase)
G cells (secrete gastrin)
