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Exercise Physiology > Metabolism and Hormones (Exams 1 &2) > Flashcards

Metabolism and Hormones (Exams 1 &2) Flashcards

1
Q

define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown

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3
Q

anabolism

A

build up

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4
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created or destroyed

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5
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

processes goes from higher order to lesser order

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6
Q

how much energy in the body is released as heat?

A

60-70%

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7
Q

advantages and disadvantages to using carbs

A

fast, readily available, easy to use for energy, used for aerobic and anaerobic activities
must be stored with H2O, takes lots of space

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8
Q

advantages and disadvantages to fats

A

lots of energy yeilded, long term duration activities, slower transport to mm and requires O2 so cant be used for anaerobic

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9
Q

why can’t proteins be used for much energy?

A

bc u can’t oxidize nitrogen

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10
Q

whats the key to using proteins as energy?

A

must convert the AA to PEP through gluconeogenesis- however, this costs a lot of ATP

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11
Q

stored ATP breaks down through what mechanism?

A

hydrolysis and ATPase no O2 required

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12
Q

what is the ATP-PCR system used for?

A

explosive quick energy,
anaerobic, 5-15 seconds
produces 1 mol ATP and 1 mol PCr

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13
Q

what is the formula for the ATP PCr system and what enzyme works in the system

A

ADP+PCR–>ATP +Cr

creatine kinase

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14
Q

finish this formula:

ADP+ ADP–>

A

ATP and AMP (via adenylate kinase)

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15
Q

3 ways to make ATP IMMEDIATELY!

A

1) from ATP, ATP+H2O(APTase)–> ADP+Pi
2) PCr, ADP+PCr (creatine kinase) –>ATP +Cr
3) ADP, ADP+ADP (adenylate kinase) –> ATP +AMP

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytosol

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17
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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18
Q

what is glucose broken down into (glucose is in the blood)

A

broken down into 2,3 carbon sugars called pyruvic acid

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19
Q

where does pyruvic acid go after its broken down from glucose

A

2 choices:
if there is oxy, it goes into the KREBS cycle.
if there is no oxy, it becomes lactic acid

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20
Q

where does Krebs cycle occur?

A

in the mitochondria

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21
Q

how does pyruvic acid get from the cytosol where it was broken down from glucose, into the mitochondria where krebs ocurs?

A

joins with oxy to become acetyl coA and be shuttled accross the membrane

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22
Q

what does lactic acid yield?

A

lactic acid breaks down into lactate + H+, the lactate goes into the krebs cycle and the H+ goes into PCr+ADP+ H+–>APT +PCr

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23
Q

what does lactate dehydrogenase do?

A

converts pyruvic acid into lactate which can then go into the Krebs cycle

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24
Q

whats the cori cycle, where does it occur and when do u use it?

A

creases glucose from lactate in the liver with the use of 6 ATP (very expensive) only use to maintain blood glucose if u are fasting

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25
Q

describe ETC

A

H+ from the end of glycolysis and krebs join with NAD/FAD to be NADH and FADH2, the the H+ goes thru the ETC and ATP+ H2O comes out

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26
Q

each NADH yields how many ATP?

A

3

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27
Q

each FADH2 yields how many ATP?

A

2

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28
Q

all the way from glycolysis through ETC yields how many ATP?

A

38 from glucose

39 from glycogen

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29
Q

how do the FFA floating in the blood stream get into krebs?

A

acetyl CoA picks em up and takes em into the mitochondria

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30
Q

1 16 Carbon fat results in…

A

8 acetyl CoA–>
7 NADH
7 FADH2
= 31 ATP-2 for activation= grand total of 129 ATP

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31
Q

What makes a person high risk for exercise testing?

A

known CV, pulmonary or metabolic disease

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32
Q

what are the precautions for high risk exercise testing?

A

need physician present for max or sub max

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33
Q

What makes a person moderate risk for exercise testing?

A

Asymptomatic with 2 or more risk factors

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34
Q

what precautions must be taken when a person has moderate risk for exercise testing?

A

physician recommended to be present for max exercise testing only

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35
Q

what makes a person low risk for ex. testing?

A

asymptomatic with only 1 or fewer risk factors.

36
Q

list all the risk factors…

A

1) age (M-45,W-55)
2) fam. hx (1st degree relative with MI or bypass before 55 (M) or 65 (W))
3) smoking- current or stopped within last month
4) sedentary lifestyle- less than 30 min/day 3 times a week for the last 3 months
5) obesity- BMI over 30
6) hypertension- 140/90
7) dyslipidemia- on cholesteral meds or LDL>130 mg/dL, HDL <40 mg/dL
8) pre diabetes- fasting glucose of 100 mg/dL or more, or Oral glucose tolerance test between 140-200

37
Q

what fasting glucose test score is positive for diabetes?

A

126 or greater

38
Q

what OGTT is positive for diabetes

A

over 200

39
Q

waist circumference

women

A

very low risk: 110 cm

40
Q

waist circumference

Men

A

very low risk: 120 cm

41
Q

receptors for water soluble hormones vs. steroid hormones

A

water soluble= located on cell membrane

steroids (fat sol)= located in cytoplasm or in nucleus

42
Q

steroid hormones are produced by…?

A

produced by adrenal cortex and gonads,

43
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

cortisol, testosterone, estradiol

44
Q

define hormone

A

substance secreted by a specialized gland into the blood, carried to a target tissue and binds to a specifi receptor to exert biological effects

45
Q

non steroid hormones

A

amino acid derived: thyroxine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

46
Q

anterior pituitary is contolled by what? releases what?

A

hypothalamus; growth hormone

47
Q

3 thyroid hormones

A

> calcitonin-
T3
T4

48
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

reduces blood Ca levels, inhibits bone resorption (bones releasing Ca into blood)

49
Q

what does T3/T4 do?

A

increases cellular metabolism, inc. HR and contractility, promotes uptake of glucose, enhance glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, enhance lipid mobilization
(it upregulates everything u need in flight!)

50
Q

what does the adrenal medualla produce?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

51
Q

what do epi and norepi do?

A

inc. HR and contraction strength, BP and RR
inc. metabolic rates
releases glucose and FFA intoblood
vasodilation
inc. blood to skin for temp control

52
Q

how are epi and norepi affected by exercise?

A

both increase, norepi increases first and takes several hours to return to normal, epi comes in later and goes back to norm w/in mins

53
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

glucocorticoids
corticosteriods : cortisol
mineralcorticoids:aldosteron

54
Q

what is the job of a glucocorticoid?

A

adapt to external changes and stress, maintain consistent levels of glucose with and without food

55
Q

cortisol?

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis, increases FFA mobilization, stim. protein metab., depresses immune reactions, vasoconstriction

56
Q

mineralcorticoids, aldosterone and ADH

A

maintain electrolyte levels

aldosterone: stim. kidneys to retain Na (and therefore retain water) while excreting K+

57
Q

when is aldosterone released?

A

decreased plasma Na+, decreased blood volume, decreased BP or inc. K+

58
Q

pancreas hormones

A

insulin: released when blood glucose high
glucagon: released when blood glucose is low

59
Q

posterior pituitary is triggered by what and produces what hormone?

A

triggered by hypothalamus and produces ADH

60
Q

what does ADH do?

A

promotes water conservation

61
Q

direct calorimetry

A

measures heat

-expensive

62
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

measures O2/CO2

-common method

63
Q

Formula to get from METS to lb. of fat

A

take METS x 3.5=relative VO2 (ml/kg/min), then x bw in kg to get absolute VO2 in (ml/min), then divide by 1000 to get absolute VO2 in (L/min), then x5 to get Kcal/min, then x total number of mins to get total kcals then divide by 3500 to get lb. of fat.

64
Q

whats the target % of max HR to be in fat burning

A

40-60%

65
Q

RER

A

respiratory exchange ratio: V CO2/ V O2

66
Q

RER fats, mixed, carbs

A
  1. 65- fats (more O2 (beta ox. than CO2 glycolysis)
  2. 80- mixed fuel source
  3. 05- carbs (more CO2 glycolysis than O2 b oxidation)
67
Q

what happens at the lactate threshold

A

glycogen breakdown slows (stops PFK), inhibits glycogen phosphorylase, decreased FFA mob., dec. mm contractions–>body’s way of telling u to STOP!

68
Q

what transmits AP from sarcolemma to deep into mm fiber, close to the SR

A

T tubules

69
Q

what does the SR do?

A

stores, releases and reuptakes calcium

70
Q

Z line to Z line=

A

one sarcomere

71
Q

I band

A

thin filaments (actin)

72
Q

A band

A

overlap of filaments

73
Q

H band

A

thick filaments (myosin)

74
Q

M band

A

midline

75
Q

what do the diff. types of troponin do?

C,T, I

A 
C= binds calcium
T= binds troponin to tropomyosin
I= inhibitory on tropomyosin when no Ca available
76
Q

what happens when calcium binds to troponin?

A

Ca binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin out of the way so that myosin can bind to the actin

77
Q

largest protein in the body

A

titan

78
Q

nebulin

A

5% of protein in body, measures length of think filament

79
Q

myosin heavy chain

A

heads contain ATP and active binding sites

80
Q

myosin light chain

A

regulates speed

81
Q

thalamus=

A

sensory input for motor control (except smell)

82
Q

hypothalamus=

A

maintains homeostasis, internal environments

-BP, HR, contractility, breathing, digestion, body temp, fluids, endocrine control, emotions, sleep/wake, food/thirst

83
Q

cerebellum

A

rapid movements
compares intended act. with actual results and makes corrections
recieves visual input
smooths out the jerks in movements

84
Q

brain stem

A 
autonomic regulation (resp. and CV)
reticular formation
skeletal mm fxn
maintain mm tone
consciousness
pain control with opiates
85
Q

stroke population exercise program

A

aerobic 20-60 min, 3-5 days/week at 40-70% VO2 max, use RPE

strengthening: 2-3 days/week 3 sets of 8-12 reps

86
Q

PD exercise program

A

aerobic 3/week 60 min, 60-80% max HR
walking 20-30 min, 4-6 x/day
strength 3x/week 1 set of 8-12 reps
flexibility:1-3x/week

87
Q

MS exercise program

A

aerobic: 3x/week, 30 min,60-85% HR or 50-70% VO2 max
strength: opp days of endurance
flex: 5-7 days/week

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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