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Anatomy and Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrient

A

molecule obtained from food that body requires for its metabolic processes

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2
Q

5 main categories of nutrients include

A

fuel molecules carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Vitamin and minerals
Structural molecules such as cholesterol

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids; required in relatively large amounts, thus make up bulk of diet

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals because they have much lower requirements in diet

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5
Q

Essential nutrients

A

molecules that body is incapable of producing and must obtain from dietary sources

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

in diet consist of monosaccharides, disaccharides

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7
Q

Fiber

A

group of polysaccharides that are not fully digestible by humans

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8
Q

Found in whole grains, fruit skins, and bran; passes through digestive tract virtually unaltered

A

insoluble

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9
Q

Partially digested by bacteria in colon into compounds that can be absorbed into bloodstream

A

soluble

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10
Q

In diet include triglycerides, cholesterol, and certain vitamins

A

lipids

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11
Q

hydrocarbon chains without any double bounds; include mostly animal-derived products

A

saturated fatty acids

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12
Q

contain one double bond (monounsaturated) or more double bonds (polyunsaturated); found commonly in plant-derived products

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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13
Q

Those fats that body is unable to synthesize and must be obtained from diet.

A

essential fatty acids

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14
Q

______ and 20 amino acids used in their construction are important molecular fuels, structural molecules, and enzymes.

A

proteins

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15
Q

11 amino acids that can be synthesized from carbon skeletons

A

nonessential amino acids

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16
Q

nine amino acids, which cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from dietary sources

A

essential amino acids

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17
Q

Functions: oxidized for energy, used in production of other substances, incorporated into multiple structural molecules

A

carbohydrates

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18
Q

Functions: oxidized for fuel, used to form structural molecules, glycerol used for gluconeogenesis

A

lipids

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19
Q

Functions: used to form structural molecules, used to manufacture enzymes, antibodies and hormones, oxidized for fuel, used for gluconeogenesis

A

proteins

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20
Q

include vitamins and minerals; not used as fuel; play critical roles in nearly all of body’s physiological processes

A

micronutrients

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21
Q

13 organic compounds to date; required for body’s functions

A

vitamins (vital amines)

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22
Q

hydrophobic compounds structurally similar to cholesterol; include vitamin A,D, E, K

A

fat-soluble vitamins

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23
Q

hydrophilic compounds featuring polar covalent bonds; include vitamin C and B

A

water-soluble vitamins

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24
Q

any element other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen required by living organisms; not used as fuels but are important components in many physiological processes

A

minerals

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25
Q

seven major minerals- ions that are required in moderate amounts for optimal health:

A

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur

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26
Q

______ is packaged along with other lipids and proteins into structures called _____

A

cholesterol, lipoproteins

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27
Q

Provide ________ for cholesterol and other lipids in bloodstream; types of lipoproteins differ in ratios of lipid to protein.

A

transportation

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28
Q

Two types of lipoproteins:

A

very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

lipoprotein lipase

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29
Q

synthesized in liver and released into bloodstream or small intestine

A

high-destiny lipoproteins (HDLs)

30
Q

___ is considered “good” cholesterol because it carries cholesterol back to liver where it is ____ from body as component of bile.

A

HDL, excreted

31
Q

Transport primarily triglycerides from liver to adipose tissue for storage and to muscle tissue for immediate use as fuel

A

very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

32
Q

Considered “bad” cholesterol because they carry cholesterol to peripheral cells; can contribute disease.

A

VLDL and LDL

33
Q

amount of matter in body

A

body mass

34
Q

(more commonly used) refers to force exerted on body mass by gravity

A

body weight

35
Q

equation that accounts for height; provides reference range that helps to determine relative body mass

A

body mass index (BMI)

36
Q

difference between energy intake and energy expenditure; determines rate individual gains or loses body mass

A

energy balance or nitrogen balance

37
Q

meets an individual’s needs in terms of micronutrients, macronutrients, essential amino acids and other molecules such as cholesterol

A

healthy diet

38
Q

resource provided by USDA in 2011; depicts proportions of types of foods that should make up nutritious meal

A

myplate

39
Q

individuals who have body mass index of greater than 30.0 are considered ____

A

obese

40
Q

measure of heat; one calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

A

Calorie (C)

41
Q

actual unit of calorie used to measure human diet; one kilocalorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius

A

Kilocalorie

42
Q

Sum of body’s chemical reactions; series enzyme-catalyzed reactions

A

metabolism

43
Q

harnessing energy in chemical bonds of molecules obtained from diet (____) ; may be used to make _____

A

nutrients, ATP

44
Q

harnessing energy in chemical bonds of molecules obtained from diet nutrients ; may be used to make ATP, is apart of what?

A

metabolic pathways

45
Q

converting one type of molecule into another for cell’s synthesis reactions

A

metabolic pathways

46
Q

synthesizing macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids

A

metabolic pathways

47
Q

breaking down macromolecules into monomers or other small molecules

A

metabolic pathways

48
Q

series of reactions in which one substance is broken down into smaller parts

A

catabolism

49
Q

process as whole releases energy that cell can harness to drive other processes

A

catabolism

50
Q

Body catabolizes three types of nutrient monomers to generate ATP

A

glucose, fatty acids mainly triglycerides, amino acids

51
Q

breakdown of dietary and stored carbohydrates, carried out by every cell in body, is preferred fuel for many cells including those of brain and liver

A

glucose

52
Q

broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol, can proceed into separate catabolic pathways or can be used by cell for other purposes

A

fatty acids - mainly triglycerides

53
Q

liberated by catabolic pathways that breakdown proteins, amino acids can proceed into separate catabolic pathways or can be used by cell for other purposes

A

amino acids

54
Q

series of reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make larger molecule

A

anabolism

55
Q

Anabolism: Cells use smaller molecules to build larger macromolecules such as:

A

proteins, nucleic acid, lipids, carbohydrates

56
Q

chemical reactions are usually paired such that energy released from exergonic reaction (usually _______ process) feed liberated energy into endergonic reaction (usually_____ process)

A

catabolic, anabolic

57
Q

Energy present ____ reaction (in reactants) must equal energy present ____ reaction (in products or as liberated energy.

A

before, after

58
Q

release energy leaving products with less energy than original reactants possessed

A

exergonic reactions

59
Q

most catabolic reactions are

A

exergonic

60
Q

require input proceed, products possess more energy than reactants, energy must be added to reactant side of equation to satisfy law of conservation of energy

A

endergonic

61
Q

most anabolic reactions are

A

endergonic

62
Q

energy is release from _____ _____ reactions

A

exergonic catabolic

63
Q

used to fuel _____ _____ reaction to ATP synthesis

A

endergonic anabolic

64
Q

ATP is broken down in ______ reaction

A

exergonic catabolic

65
Q

energy from ATP breakdown fuels another ____ ____ reaction in cell

A

endergonic anabolic

66
Q

ATP is inherently ______ molecule

A

unstable

67
Q

bond between second and third phosphate group has been misnamed “____ _____” ; possesses no more energy than other bonds.

A

high-energy

68
Q

cells harness ATP energy by removing third phosphate group in _____ reaction

A

hydrolysis

69
Q

bond between second and third phosphate groups is broken with _____ molecule, releasing free phosphate and ADP.

A

water

70
Q

ATP hydrolysis is ____ exergonic but cell is only able to harness about 40% of released energy to perform work

A

highly

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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