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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1: Overview > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior

A

towards the front

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2
Q

Posterior

A

towards the back

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3
Q

Superior

A

towards the head

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4
Q

Inferior

A

towards the tail

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5
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)

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6
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)

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7
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side of

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer side

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9
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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10
Q

Deep

A

Farther below the surface

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11
Q

The palms are on the ___ side of the body

A

anterior

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12
Q

The esophagus is ___ to the spinal cord

A

anterior

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13
Q

The occipital bone is on the ___ cranium (skull).

A

posterior

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14
Q

The spinal cord is ___ to the esophagus

A

posterior

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15
Q

The nose is ___ to the mouth.

A

superior

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16
Q

The neck is ___ to the chest.

A

superior

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17
Q

The nose is ___ to the forehead.

A

inferior

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18
Q

the umbilicus (belly button) is ___ to the chest.

A

inferior

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19
Q

The knee is ___ to the ankle.

A

proximal

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20
Q

The shoulder is ___ to the elbow.

A

proximal

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21
Q

The foot is ___ to the hip.

A

distal

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22
Q

The wrist is ___ to the elbow.

A

distal

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23
Q

The ear is ___ to the shoulder.

A

medial

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24
Q

The index finger is ___ to the thumb.

A

medial

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25
Q

The shoulder is ___ to the chest.

A

lateral

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26
Q

The thumb is ___ to the index finger.

A

lateral

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27
Q

The skin is ___ to the muscle.

A

superficial

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28
Q

Muscle is __ to the bone.

A

superficial

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29
Q

Bone is ___ to the skin.

A

deep

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30
Q

Bone is ___ to the muscle.

A

deep

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31
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the body or body part into right and left sections

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32
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

also know as median lane, divides the body or body part into equal right and left parts

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33
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

divides the body or body part into unequal right and left sections.

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34
Q

Frontal plane

A

also known as the coronal plane, divides body or body part into anterior and posterior sections

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35
Q

Transverse plane

A

also known as the horizontal plane or a cross section, divides the body or body part into superior and inferior parts. Divides the appendicular region into proximal and distal parts.

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36
Q

Posterior body cavity

A

major body cavity located on the posterior side of the body

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37
Q

Anterior body cavity

A

major body cavity located on the anterior side of the body

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38
Q

Two subcavities lie within the posterior body cavity

A

cranial cavity and vertebral or spinal cavity

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39
Q

The anterior body cavity has two main divisions that are separated by dome-shaped muscle called

A

the diaphragm

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40
Q

Two divisions of the anterior body cavity

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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41
Q

The thoracic cavity and its subdivisions are ___ to the diaphram.

A

superior

42
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity and its subdivision are ___ to the diaphram.

A

inferior

43
Q

Thoracic cavity divided into 3 smaller cavities:

A

pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity

44
Q

Pleural cavities

A

surround either the left or right lung

45
Q

Mediastinum

A

found between the pleural cavities, houses heart, great vessels, trachea and esophagus, not located within a serous membrane

46
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

found within mediastinum, is within serous membrane that surrounds the heart.

47
Q

Two cavities located within abdominopelvic cavity:

A

abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity

48
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

several systems including, digestive, lymphatic, reproductive and urinary

49
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

an abdominal subcavity found within a serous membrane

50
Q

Serous membrane

A

formed by thin sheets of tissue that fold over themselves to create a continuous double-layer structure with space between their layers

51
Q

Serous fluid

A

within cavity between 2 membrane layers; extremely thin layer of fluid

52
Q

function of serous fluid

A

water, slippery lubricant, fills space between membranes layers, produce cells of membrane, prevents friction from movement of organs

53
Q

visceral layer

A

the serous membrane is in contact with underlying organs

54
Q

Parietal layer

A

the outermost layer of the serous membrane

55
Q

Three main serous membrane

A

pleural membranes, pericardial membranes, peritoneal membranes

56
Q

Pleural membranes

A

consist of outer parietal pleural that follow the contours of the thoracic wall and the inner visceral pleura that run along the surface to the lungs.

57
Q

Thin space enclosed by the ___ membranes forms the pleural cavities.

A

pleural

58
Q

Pericardial membrane

A

consist of outer parietal pericardium that separates the heart from the mediastinum and the inner visceral pericardium that lies directly on the heart muscle.

59
Q

Space created by the ___ membrane forms the pericardial cavity.

A

pericardial

60
Q

Peritoneal membrane

A

surrounding some of the abdominal organs, consist of the outer parietal peritoneum and the inner visceral peritoneum

61
Q

The peritoneal cavity is an extensive cavity but doesn’t cover every organ; the ___ lies outside of and behind the parietal peritoneum thus called ___ organs

A

kidneys, retroperitoneal

62
Q

Characteristics of living organisms

A

cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, reproduction

63
Q

cellular composition

A

the cell is the basic unit of life, cells are the smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life, all organisms are composed of cells

64
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of the body’s reactions, process either build up or breakdown substances depending on the needs of the organism

65
Q

two basic type of metabolic processes are:

A

anabolism and catabolism

66
Q

anabolism

A

“building” process which smaller chemicals are combined to form larger ones, such as muscle

67
Q

catabolism

A

“breaking down” process in which larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones, digestion

68
Q

growth

A

where building outweighs breakdown processes includes 2 forms.

69
Q

growth may lead to an increase in the size

A

of individual cells

70
Q

growth may lead to an increase in the number

A

of cells

71
Q

excretion

A

the process by which waste products are removed from the body

72
Q

responsiveness or irritability

A

sensing or reacting to changes or stimuli in environment

73
Q

movement

A

motion of one or more cells within the organisms and movement of the organism itself

74
Q

reproduction

A

takes the following 2 forms in multicellular organisms: (1) individual cells reproduce within organism during growth and to replace damage or old cells (2) the organism reproduces to yield offspring similar to itself

75
Q

Levels of structural organization:

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

76
Q

Chemical level

A

smallest level; foundation on for each successive level; ranges from tiny atoms to complex chemical structures (molecules) composed of thousands of atoms

77
Q

Cellular level

A

groups many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structure

78
Q

Tissue level

A

two or more cell types cooperate to perform a common function, consist of 2 components: cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix, vary from membrane sheets that cover body cavities to irregularly shaped cartilage found in the nose.

79
Q

Organ level

A

two or more tissue types combine to form, recognizable shape, performs specialized task

80
Q

The body is grouped into ____ which consist of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body

A

organ systems

81
Q

The human body has ___ organ system

A

11

82
Q

The organ systems function together to make up the working human body, an ____

A

organism

83
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

examines human body by individual organ system (used in textbooks)

84
Q

Regional anatomy

A

divides body into regions of study (such as head and neck)

85
Q

Surface anatomy

A

studies surface marking on body

86
Q

Gross anatomy

A

examines structures that can be seen with unaided eye

87
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

studies structures that can only be seen with the aid of microscope and include the following specialized fields: histology and cytology

88
Q

Histology

A

study of tissue

89
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

90
Q

Integumentary system

A

protects the body from external environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, regulates body temperature

91
Q

Skeletal system

A

supports the body, protects internal organs, provides leverage for movement, produces blood cells, stores calcium salts

92
Q

Muscular system

A

produces movements, controls body openings, generates heat

93
Q

Nervous system

A

regulates body functions, provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses

94
Q

Endocrine system

A

regulates body functions, regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones

95
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of the body’s stable environment

96
Q

The maintenance of homeostasis include:

A

feedback loops, relationship between structure and function, gradients, cell to cell communication

97
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

oppose the initial change is a regulated variable and reduce the output; bring it back to homeostasis (fever)

98
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

effector activity increases and reinforces the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range; enhancing it (breastfeeding, a bleeding cut)

99
Q

Temperature gradients

A

exists when temperature difference between two connected regions

100
Q

Concentration gradients

A

exists where concentration difference between two connected regions

101
Q

Pressure gradients

A

exists when there is pressure difference between two connected regions

102
Q

Communication is usually accomplished with either __ or ___ , in which one cell triggers a response from another cell.

A

chemical messengers, electrical signals

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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