Chapter 1: Overview Flashcards
Anterior
towards the front
Posterior
towards the back
Superior
towards the head
Inferior
towards the tail
Proximal
closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)
Distal
Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side of
Lateral
Farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer side
Superficial
Closer to the surface
Deep
Farther below the surface
The palms are on the ___ side of the body
anterior
The esophagus is ___ to the spinal cord
anterior
The occipital bone is on the ___ cranium (skull).
posterior
The spinal cord is ___ to the esophagus
posterior
The nose is ___ to the mouth.
superior
The neck is ___ to the chest.
superior
The nose is ___ to the forehead.
inferior
the umbilicus (belly button) is ___ to the chest.
inferior
The knee is ___ to the ankle.
proximal
The shoulder is ___ to the elbow.
proximal
The foot is ___ to the hip.
distal
The wrist is ___ to the elbow.
distal
The ear is ___ to the shoulder.
medial
The index finger is ___ to the thumb.
medial
The shoulder is ___ to the chest.
lateral
The thumb is ___ to the index finger.
lateral
The skin is ___ to the muscle.
superficial
Muscle is __ to the bone.
superficial
Bone is ___ to the skin.
deep
Bone is ___ to the muscle.
deep
Sagittal plane
divides the body or body part into right and left sections
Midsagittal plane
also know as median lane, divides the body or body part into equal right and left parts
Parasagittal plane
divides the body or body part into unequal right and left sections.
Frontal plane
also known as the coronal plane, divides body or body part into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse plane
also known as the horizontal plane or a cross section, divides the body or body part into superior and inferior parts. Divides the appendicular region into proximal and distal parts.
Posterior body cavity
major body cavity located on the posterior side of the body
Anterior body cavity
major body cavity located on the anterior side of the body
Two subcavities lie within the posterior body cavity
cranial cavity and vertebral or spinal cavity
The anterior body cavity has two main divisions that are separated by dome-shaped muscle called
the diaphragm
Two divisions of the anterior body cavity
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
The thoracic cavity and its subdivisions are ___ to the diaphram.
superior
The abdominopelvic cavity and its subdivision are ___ to the diaphram.
inferior
Thoracic cavity divided into 3 smaller cavities:
pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities
surround either the left or right lung
Mediastinum
found between the pleural cavities, houses heart, great vessels, trachea and esophagus, not located within a serous membrane
Pericardial cavity
found within mediastinum, is within serous membrane that surrounds the heart.
Two cavities located within abdominopelvic cavity:
abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
several systems including, digestive, lymphatic, reproductive and urinary
Peritoneal cavity
an abdominal subcavity found within a serous membrane
Serous membrane
formed by thin sheets of tissue that fold over themselves to create a continuous double-layer structure with space between their layers
Serous fluid
within cavity between 2 membrane layers; extremely thin layer of fluid
function of serous fluid
water, slippery lubricant, fills space between membranes layers, produce cells of membrane, prevents friction from movement of organs
visceral layer
the serous membrane is in contact with underlying organs
Parietal layer
the outermost layer of the serous membrane
Three main serous membrane
pleural membranes, pericardial membranes, peritoneal membranes
Pleural membranes
consist of outer parietal pleural that follow the contours of the thoracic wall and the inner visceral pleura that run along the surface to the lungs.
Thin space enclosed by the ___ membranes forms the pleural cavities.
pleural
Pericardial membrane
consist of outer parietal pericardium that separates the heart from the mediastinum and the inner visceral pericardium that lies directly on the heart muscle.
Space created by the ___ membrane forms the pericardial cavity.
pericardial
Peritoneal membrane
surrounding some of the abdominal organs, consist of the outer parietal peritoneum and the inner visceral peritoneum
The peritoneal cavity is an extensive cavity but doesn’t cover every organ; the ___ lies outside of and behind the parietal peritoneum thus called ___ organs
kidneys, retroperitoneal
Characteristics of living organisms
cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, reproduction
cellular composition
the cell is the basic unit of life, cells are the smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life, all organisms are composed of cells
Metabolism
the sum of the body’s reactions, process either build up or breakdown substances depending on the needs of the organism
two basic type of metabolic processes are:
anabolism and catabolism
anabolism
“building” process which smaller chemicals are combined to form larger ones, such as muscle
catabolism
“breaking down” process in which larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones, digestion
growth
where building outweighs breakdown processes includes 2 forms.
growth may lead to an increase in the size
of individual cells
growth may lead to an increase in the number
of cells
excretion
the process by which waste products are removed from the body
responsiveness or irritability
sensing or reacting to changes or stimuli in environment
movement
motion of one or more cells within the organisms and movement of the organism itself
reproduction
takes the following 2 forms in multicellular organisms: (1) individual cells reproduce within organism during growth and to replace damage or old cells (2) the organism reproduces to yield offspring similar to itself
Levels of structural organization:
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level
Chemical level
smallest level; foundation on for each successive level; ranges from tiny atoms to complex chemical structures (molecules) composed of thousands of atoms
Cellular level
groups many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structure
Tissue level
two or more cell types cooperate to perform a common function, consist of 2 components: cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix, vary from membrane sheets that cover body cavities to irregularly shaped cartilage found in the nose.
Organ level
two or more tissue types combine to form, recognizable shape, performs specialized task
The body is grouped into ____ which consist of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body
organ systems
The human body has ___ organ system
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The organ systems function together to make up the working human body, an ____
organism
Systemic anatomy
examines human body by individual organ system (used in textbooks)
Regional anatomy
divides body into regions of study (such as head and neck)
Surface anatomy
studies surface marking on body
Gross anatomy
examines structures that can be seen with unaided eye
Microscopic anatomy
studies structures that can only be seen with the aid of microscope and include the following specialized fields: histology and cytology
Histology
study of tissue
Cytology
study of cells
Integumentary system
protects the body from external environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, regulates body temperature
Skeletal system
supports the body, protects internal organs, provides leverage for movement, produces blood cells, stores calcium salts
Muscular system
produces movements, controls body openings, generates heat
Nervous system
regulates body functions, provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
Endocrine system
regulates body functions, regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
Homeostasis
the maintenance of the body’s stable environment
The maintenance of homeostasis include:
feedback loops, relationship between structure and function, gradients, cell to cell communication
Negative feedback loop
oppose the initial change is a regulated variable and reduce the output; bring it back to homeostasis (fever)
Positive feedback loop
effector activity increases and reinforces the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range; enhancing it (breastfeeding, a bleeding cut)
Temperature gradients
exists when temperature difference between two connected regions
Concentration gradients
exists where concentration difference between two connected regions
Pressure gradients
exists when there is pressure difference between two connected regions
Communication is usually accomplished with either __ or ___ , in which one cell triggers a response from another cell.
chemical messengers, electrical signals
