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Biochemistry > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

oxidation reduction

includes: oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases

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2
Q

transferases

A

functional group is transferred

includes: kinase, phosphorylase

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3
Q

hydrolase

A

cleave of one molecule into two molecules using water

ex: phosphatase, protease, lipases, nucleases

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4
Q

lyase

A

break bonds without the removal of water; usually results in a double bond

ex: decarboxylase, synthase, aldolase

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5
Q

isomerase

A

functional group movement within a molecule

ex: mutase

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6
Q

ligases

A

joining two molecules to form one via bond formation and ATP hydrolysis

ex: carboxylase, synthetase

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7
Q

condensation

A

releases water to connect two molecules to form one

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8
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A

occurs in the cytosol

combines malanoyl CoA + acetyl CoA and oxidized NADPH –> NADP+ to create palmitate

creates a long chain of fatty acids stuck together in the cytosol

uses acyl carrier protein

uses ATP –> ADP + Pi

  1. condensation
  2. reduction (NADPH –> NADP+)
  3. dehydration (remove H2O)
  4. reduction (NADPH –> NADP+)
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9
Q

anabolic reactions

A

build complex molecules from less complex things

requires energy, reducing power, and sufficient precursor molecules to build new macromolecules

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10
Q

pentose phosphate pathway

A

oxidative phase: produces NADPH
non-oxidative phase: uses ribulose 5 phosphate to go through a series of steps which can create DNA/RNA
- also another way to oxidize glucose. Can end up with glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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11
Q

What is the rate limiting step for the PPP?

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

activated by NADP+ and inhibited by NADPH and insulin

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12
Q

what is different about long fatty acid chains than medium and small chains for beta-oxidation?

A

small and medium fatty acid changes can diffuse through the inner and outer membrane to enter mitochondria

long fatty acid chain requires to be transported into the mitochondria using carnitine to transfer through tranferase

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13
Q

carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTI) does what?

A

converts fatty acyl CoA to fatty acylcarnitine

rate limiting step

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14
Q

How does long chain fatty acid move from cytosol to inner membrane space?

A

acyl synthetase converts fatty acid into fatty acyl CoA which can diffuse through layer

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15
Q

what does translocase do?

A

transfers fatty acylcarnitine from IM space to matrix

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16
Q

what does carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTII) do?

A

CPTII converts fatty acylcarnitine back into fatty acyl CoA to begin beta oxidation because is now located in matrix

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17
Q

How does acetyl CoA move out of the matrix to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis?

A

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate ==> citrate which can diffuse between the mitochondrial layers and will revert back to acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate once back in cytosol

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18
Q

what does pyruvate dehydrogenase complex require to make acetyl CoA

A

CoA, TPP, lipoic acid, and NAD+

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19
Q

insulin

A

released from beta cells of pancreas islets of Langerhans in response to high blood glucose levels

increases:
glycogen synthesis
lipogenesis
protein synthesis
glycolysis
decreases:
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis
ketogenesis

activates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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20
Q

glucagon

A

released from alpha cells to increase blood glucose levels

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21
Q

acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

conversion of acetyl CoA –> malonyl CoA with the addition of CO2 using ATP

  • required for fatty acid synthesis
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22
Q

hormone sensitive lipase

A

helps triacylglycerides break down into fatty acids and glycerol

activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin

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23
Q

transamination

A

transfer of amine group

alpha amino acid transfers amine to alpha ketoglutarate to become glutamate. alpha amino acid turns into alpha keto acid

glutamate will donate NH3+ to be combined with CO2 to enter urea cycle, and will revert back to alpha ketoglutarate

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24
Q

protein catabolism

A

breakdown of polypeptide chains and proteins into individual amino acids to produce ATP, glucose, or new proteins

25
Q

glucogenic

A

amino acids are converted to pyruvate or CAC intermediates –> convert to glucose

26
Q

ketogenic

A

amino acids are converted directly to acetyl CoA which can enter CAC or become ketone bodies

27
Q

product inhibition

A

type of negative feedback in which the end product of a reaction pathway decreases its own production by binding to enzyme or regulatory protein needed in an earlier step

28
Q

constitutional isomers

A

same molecular formula with different bonding types at at least one position

D glucose vs D fructose

D glucose is an aldose and D fructose is a ketose

29
Q

epimers

A

differ at only one stereocenter

D-glucose and D-mannose only different at one position

30
Q

anomers

A

differ at the anomeric carbon

31
Q

enantiomers

A

differ at every single stereocenter
awkward turtle where they fit on top of each other but stick out because opposite orientation

D-mannose and L-mannose

32
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

bonds between anomeric carbons of carbohydrates and any other biological molecule

must have a free anomeric carbon so cannot be sucrose

33
Q

sucrose

A

cannot form glycosidic bonds because are linked by anomeric carbons

glucose + fructose

34
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide

glucose + galactose

35
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide

glucose + glucose

36
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose

have a free anomeric carbon which can be linked via glycosidic bonds –> reducing ring because donate hydrogens and become oxidized when form bond

37
Q

What is the most common nonreducing sugar?

A

sucrose

cannot form glycosidic bonds because does not have a free anomeric carbon

38
Q

What pathways can fructose 6 phosphate enter?

A

glycolysis and become fructose 1,6 biphosphate
gluconeogenesis and become glucose 6 phosphate
OR

combine with glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and enter PPP to become ribose 5 phosphate

39
Q

glycogen is linked horizontally via

A

alpha 1-4 subunits

40
Q

glycogen is branched with connections via

A

alpha 1-6 subunits, about every 10 glucose molecules

glycogen branching enzyme

41
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen
occurs when low blood glucose

glycogen becomes glucose 1 phosphate + glycogen(n-1) through glycogen phsophorylase

42
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

breaks down glycogen into glucose 1 phosphate + glycogen (n-1)

breaks bond between 2 adjacent glucose molecules in a glycogen chain by phosphorolysis (addition of phosphate)

43
Q

ubiquitination

A

ATP dependent process that adds a target molecules (ubiquitin) to a target protein which will signal the protein to enter the proteosome to be cleaved into small peptides via proteolysis

44
Q

hydroxylated

A

adding an OH group

45
Q

proteins that are ubiquitously expressed

A

have consistent concentration levels across all cell/tissue types

used as loading controls to show that all lanes in a gel have the same amount of sample loaded into them

46
Q

Cori cycle

A

process of carrying lactate from the muscle to the liver and moving regenerated glucose from the liver to them muscles

it connects gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

47
Q

In a 16 carbon fatty acid, how many ADP and NADP+ molecules will be produced?

A

7 ADP and 14 NADP+

need to make malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA 7 times and then will need to reduce the bonds using NADPH –> NADP+ 14 times

48
Q

Can a furanose or pyranose form a phosphodiester bond?

A

Only furanose can form a phosphodiester bond because it needs a free 5’ OH group that can grab onto the phosphate

pyranose has that 5’ O group inbedded into the cyclical structure and would take on an unstable positive charge if it bound to a phosphate

49
Q

nucleotide

A

contains a nitrogenous base, ribose, and a triphosphate group linked to the 5’ carbon of ribose

ribose is a 5 carbon sugar (pentose) and must adopt the furanose form to be incorporated into the nucleotide triphosphates

50
Q

How many electrons does NADH hold?

A

NADH can hold up to 2 electrons

so can FADH2, but it can only pass 1 electron at a time. Same with ubiquinol.

cytochrome C can only hold and transfer one electron at a time

51
Q

How many electrons is required to turn O2 into water?

A

4 electrons

so 2 NADH molecules are needed to pass their electrons through the ETC

52
Q

What will deaminated alanine become?

A

deamination means that the NH3 group comes off

this will turn alanine into pyruvate

53
Q

Citrate shuttle

A

pyruvate and citrate can cross over between cytoplasm and mitochondria

they also both can convert into oxaloacetate which means that:

citrate –> oxaloacetate will remove acetyl CoA into the cytoplasm

oxaloacetate –> citrate will hide acetyl CoA within citrate so that it can be transported into the cytosol and can participate in fatty acid synthesis.

54
Q

What happens when triacylglycerol is needed?

A

It is released from adipocytes when there is low energy and we have run out of glucose

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol will be released

55
Q

What happens to the fatty acids that are released from a triglyceride?

A

They will undergo beta oxidation to be broken down into acetyl CoA which will enter the CAC

56
Q

What happens to the glycerol backbone when it is released from triacylglycerol?

A

It will be converted:

glycerol –(glycerol kinase)–> glycerol 3 phosphate –(glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase)–> DHAP –(triose phosphate isomerase)–>glycerol 3 phosphate which can enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis depending on the need by the body

57
Q

What is required for long chain fatty acids to move into the mitochondria?

A

the long chain fatty acid must be modified

  • acyl CoA synthetase adds on a CoA to form acyl CoA but this reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable and requires ATP –> ADP hydrolysis to proceed
  • acyl CoA migrates to intermembrane space where reacts with carnitine to form acylcarnitine
  • acylcarnitine translocase will carry acylcarnitine into mitochondrial matrix where it is converted back to acyl CoA and carnitine

acyl CoA is then digested by Beta oxidation and carnitine is transported back to the intermembrane space where it will be able to pick up another long chain fatty acid.

58
Q

Citrate shuttle

A

pyruvate and citrate can cross over between cytoplasm and mitochondria

they also both can convert into oxaloacetate which means that:

citrate –> oxaloacetate will remove acetyl CoA into the cytoplasm

oxaloacetate –> citrate will hide acetyl CoA within citrate so that it can be transported into the cytosol and can participate in fatty acid synthase.

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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