Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Holding electrons and hydrogens etc means that you’re _____.

A

Reduced

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2
Q

Losing electrons and hydrogens etc means that you’re _____.

A

Oxidized

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3
Q

Photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O –> CH2O

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4
Q

What are the ways that organisms obtain energy?

A

(1) Light, CO2 –> Photosynthetic autotrophs
(2) Inorganic molecules –> Chemosynthetic autotrophs
(4) Organic molecules –> Heterotrophs

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5
Q

Photo-autotrophs

A

Light is used to “pump up” low energy electrons from H2O or H2S and store energy into sugar

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6
Q

Chemo-autotrophs

A

Uses reduced inorganic compounds, requires less energy to remove than H-O bonds and store energy into sugar

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7
Q

What are the different methods of photosynthesis?

A

C3, C4, CAM

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8
Q

C3 Photosynthesis

A
  • Light reaction (C fixation) and Calvin cycle in same chloroplast
  • Trade-off between CO2 gain and water loss via stomata (CO2 gradient < water gradient)
  • thrives where sunlight and temperatures are moderate, abundant CO2 and water
  • RuBisCo, breaks RuBP (6C) into 3C sugar (3-Phosphoglycerate)
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9
Q

C4

A
  • Two chloroplasts - Light reaction in mesophyll and Calvin cycle in bundle sheath cell
  • Uses a 4C acid to separate fixation from synthesis
  • Specialized bundle sheaths deep in tissue
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10
Q

CAM

A
  • Photosynthetic steps are separated in time (day vs night)

- Light reaction occurs at night, stores 4C acid in vacuole, Calvin cycle use in daytime

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11
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Uses organic molecules created by other organisms as their source of carbon and energy

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12
Q

Omnivore

A

Varied diet

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13
Q

Insectivore

A

Eats insects

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14
Q

Piscivore

A

Eats fish

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15
Q

Herbivore

A

Eats plants

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16
Q

Carnivore

A

Eats animals/meat

17
Q

Detritivore

A

Eats dead matter

18
Q

Size selective predation

A

Selection of prey is usually dictated by size

19
Q

For carnivores, prey is usually of similar/dissimilar nutritional value.

A

similar. Carnivores can typically vary their diet and eat what is available.

20
Q

Challenges of carnivores

A

(1) Physical
(2) Aposematism (Mullerian/Batesian mimicry)
(3) Evasion
(4) Camouflage

21
Q

Aposematism

A

Warning coloration/anti-predator adaptations

22
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Poisonous animals look similar

23
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Non-poisonous animals look like poisonous species

24
Q

What limits animal energy intake?

A

(1) Time spent searching for food

(2) Time spent handling/processing food

25
What are the types of animal functional responses?
(1) Type I--linear rise, abruptly levels off at the maximum feeding rate (spiders) (2) Type II -- linear rise, slowing at middle, gradual leveling off at the maximum feeding rate (most animals) (2) Type III -- S-shape, slow increase at low densities, rapid intake at middle, leveling off at high densities (snails)
26
Optimal foraging theory
If organisms have limited access to energy, natural selection will favor the most effective foragers. Assuming energy is limited, an organism must trade-off or allocate resources to optimize some functions at the cost of others.