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BIOL 360 - General Ecology > Life History > Flashcards

Life History Flashcards

1
Q

Life cycles

A

(1) Gametic (2) Zygotic (3) Sporic

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2
Q

Gametic life cycle

A

Diploid individual, zygote Haploid gametes

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3
Q

Sporic life cycle

A

Diploid individual, zygote Haploid spores, gametophytes, gametes

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4
Q

Zygotic life cycle

A

Diploid zygote Haploid cells, individual

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5
Q

Which life cycle(s) have diploid individuals?

A

Gametic, sporic

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6
Q

Which life cycle(s) have haploid individuals?

A

Zygotic

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Clonal replication of individual

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Offspring reproduced from a combination of parents’ genetic material

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9
Q

To meet the goal of survival and reproduction, which life history makes more practical sense? Asexual or sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual. Requires less energy for sexual reproduction.

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10
Q

Life history

A

How an organism grows and produces offspring. A schedule of its life.

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11
Q

Principle of allocation

A

Organisms are limited in access to energy and resources and therefore must make trade-offs

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12
Q

What are measures of growth/ age structure?

A

(1) Demography (2) Life tables (3) Age distribution

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13
Q

Demography

A

Growth rate (r) = birth rate - death rate r = b - d

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14
Q

Life table

A

summarizes age-specific population demographic data (1) Dynamic/cohort (2) Static

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15
Q

Dynamic/cohort life table

A

Follows the lifetime of a cohort of individuals born at the same time

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16
Q

Static life table

A

Collect info for one point in time and use as representative data. The age of DEATH is recorded for a large number of individuals born at different times.

17
Q

Age distribution

A

looks at the proportion of individuals in progressively older age classes to estimate survival, given that differences in the # of individuals from one age to the next is due only to mortality

18
Q

If we started with 100 individuals, and at age 20 there were only 75 still alive, what is the survivorship (lx) for age class 20-30?

A

0.75

19
Q

What is survivorship?

A

Survivorship (Ix) = #individuals alive at the start of an age class (Nx) / initial cohort size (N0)

20
Q

What are the types of survivorship curves?

A

(1) Type I: die old (2) Type II: constant rate of survival/death (3) Type III: die young

21
Q
A

Type I Survivorship

22
Q
A

Type II Survivorship

23
Q
A

Type III Survivorship

24
Q

R Selection

A
  • Species influenced greatly by per capita rate of increase (r)
  • Rapid development, early reproduction, small body size, and many, small offspring.
  • Type III Survivorship
  • Unpredictable environments.
  • Semelparity
25
Q

K selection

A
  • Controlling resources and competition with a population near its carrying capacity (K).
  • Slow development, delayed reproduction, large body size, and few, large offspring.
  • Type I & II Survivorship
  • Stable environments.
  • Iteroparity
26
Q

Semelparity

A

has single reproductive episode before death

27
Q

Iteroparity

A

has multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime.

28
Q

What are the main environmental variables that dictate life histories in plants?

A
  1. Disturbance–mechanism that destroys plant biomass
  2. Stress–external constraints that limit productivity/growth
29
Q

What kind of plants live under the following conditions:

  1. Disturbance = High, Stress = Low
  2. Disturbance = Low, Stress = High
  3. Disturbance = Low, Stress = Low
A
  1. Ruderals
  2. Stress Tolerant
  3. Competitive
30
Q

Ruderal plants

A
  • Grow quickly
  • Reproduce rapidly
  • Large numbers of seeds
31
Q

Stress tolerant plants

A
  • Grow slowly
  • Conserve resources for periodic reproduction
  • Low competition
32
Q

Competitive plants

A
  • Grow quickly
  • Compete for resources
  • Maximize competitive advantage
    • later maturity
    • large size
    • larger offspring
33
Q
A

BIOL 360 - General Ecology (12 decks)

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