Metabolism Flashcards
Define metabolism
Sum of chemical reactions in the body that sustain life
Define anabolism
Using smaller biological molecules to build up into larger ones
Define catabolism
Breaking down larger biological molecules into smaller ones
Define daily energy expenditure
The sum of BMR, diet induced thermogenesis and physical activity level
Define obesity
BMI over thirty
Define redox reaction
Reduction and oxidation
Define carbohydrate
C(H2O)n
Define diet induced thermoneogenesis
Energy required to process food
Energy released as heat
Define BMR
Maintains resting activities of body
Inc. cells, function of organs, body temp
Define free radical
An atom or molecule that contains one or more unpaired electrons and is capable of independent exists veE.g superoxide
Define endogenous
Originating from within the body
Define exogenous
Originates from outside of the body
Define respiratory burst
Rapid production of superoxide and H2O2 from phagocytic cells
ROS and peroxynitrite destroy invading bacteria
Define Heinz body
Contains precipitated haemoglobin
Binds to membrane, increases mechanical stress
Sign of G6PDH deficiency
when spleen removes them they form. Lister cells
Define nitrogen balance
The ratio between nitrogen intake:nitrogen output
Define protein turnover
Proteins constantly being broken down into amino acids and being built up again in muscle
Define transamination
Amino acid 1 + keto acid 2 <—> amino acid 2 + keto acid 1
Uses aminotransferase enzymes e.g ALT or AST
Most use alpha-ketoglutarate to funnel the a.a to glutamate
Define deamination
Removes amino group as free ammonia
Liver and kidney
Keto acids utilised for energy
Define gluconeogenesis
Biosynthesis of glucose from non-carb. Structures
E.g lactate, amino acids
Define glucose
C6H12O6
Define glycogen
A branched store of glucose
In liver and skeletal muscle
Define glycogenesis and glygogenolysis
GLYCOGENESIS - Making glycogen from glucose via glycogen synthase and branching enzyme
GLYCOGENOLYSIS - Breaking down glycogen into glucose via glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme
Define glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
In cytoplasm
Synthesises 2 net ATP
Oxidation of glucose
Requires hexokinase to break down glucose into glucose 6P, phosphofructokinase-1 to add a phosphate to fructose 6P and pyruvate kinase to make pyruvate
Define beta oxidation
In cytoplasm
OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acids are linked to CoA
Carnitine shuttle transports it across and is oxidised by NADH
removes 2C per cycle
Regulated by AMP
ROLE IS TO GENERATE ACETYL COA TO ENTER GLYCOLYSIS AND GENERATE NADH FOR KREBS
