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MEH Glossary > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum of chemical reactions in the body that sustain life

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2
Q

Define anabolism

A

Using smaller biological molecules to build up into larger ones

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3
Q

Define catabolism

A

Breaking down larger biological molecules into smaller ones

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4
Q

Define daily energy expenditure

A

The sum of BMR, diet induced thermogenesis and physical activity level

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5
Q

Define obesity

A

BMI over thirty

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6
Q

Define redox reaction

A

Reduction and oxidation

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7
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

C(H2O)n

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8
Q

Define diet induced thermoneogenesis

A

Energy required to process food
Energy released as heat

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9
Q

Define BMR

A

Maintains resting activities of body
Inc. cells, function of organs, body temp

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10
Q

Define free radical

A

An atom or molecule that contains one or more unpaired electrons and is capable of independent exists veE.g superoxide

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11
Q

Define endogenous

A

Originating from within the body

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12
Q

Define exogenous

A

Originates from outside of the body

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13
Q

Define respiratory burst

A

Rapid production of superoxide and H2O2 from phagocytic cells
ROS and peroxynitrite destroy invading bacteria

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14
Q

Define Heinz body

A

Contains precipitated haemoglobin
Binds to membrane, increases mechanical stress
Sign of G6PDH deficiency
when spleen removes them they form. Lister cells

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15
Q

Define nitrogen balance

A

The ratio between nitrogen intake:nitrogen output

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16
Q

Define protein turnover

A

Proteins constantly being broken down into amino acids and being built up again in muscle

17
Q

Define transamination

A

Amino acid 1 + keto acid 2 <—> amino acid 2 + keto acid 1
Uses aminotransferase enzymes e.g ALT or AST
Most use alpha-ketoglutarate to funnel the a.a to glutamate

18
Q

Define deamination

A

Removes amino group as free ammonia
Liver and kidney
Keto acids utilised for energy

19
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

Biosynthesis of glucose from non-carb. Structures
E.g lactate, amino acids

20
Q

Define glucose

A

C6H12O6

21
Q

Define glycogen

A

A branched store of glucose
In liver and skeletal muscle

22
Q

Define glycogenesis and glygogenolysis

A

GLYCOGENESIS - Making glycogen from glucose via glycogen synthase and branching enzyme
GLYCOGENOLYSIS - Breaking down glycogen into glucose via glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

23
Q

Define glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
In cytoplasm
Synthesises 2 net ATP
Oxidation of glucose
Requires hexokinase to break down glucose into glucose 6P, phosphofructokinase-1 to add a phosphate to fructose 6P and pyruvate kinase to make pyruvate

24
Q

Define beta oxidation

A

In cytoplasm
OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acids are linked to CoA
Carnitine shuttle transports it across and is oxidised by NADH
removes 2C per cycle
Regulated by AMP
ROLE IS TO GENERATE ACETYL COA TO ENTER GLYCOLYSIS AND GENERATE NADH FOR KREBS

25
Q

Define lipogenesis

A
26
Q

Define lipolysis

A
27
Q

Define chylomicron

A

Lipoprotein that transports dietary TAGs from intestine to tissues e.g adipose tissue

28
Q

Define VLDL

A

Transports TAGS made in liver to adipose tissue for storage

29
Q

Define IDL

A

LDL pre cursor
Short lived
Transports cholesterol made in liver to tissues

30
Q

Define LDL

A

Transports cholesterol made in liver to tissues

31
Q

Define HDL

A

Transports excess cholesterol from cells to liver
Disposed as bile salts and to cells for more cholesterol

32
Q

Define hyperlipoproteinanaemia

A

High plasma level of one or more kinds of lipoprotein
Caused by over production or under removal
Can be defective lipoprotein lipase, defective LDL receptors, defective apoproteins

33
Q

Define hypercholesterolaemia

A

High cholesterol in blood
Causes cholesterol deposits

34
Q

Oxidation

A

Removal of e-
Removal of H+ and e-

35
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of Hydrogen

36
Q

Apoliprotein

A

Proteins associated to a specific class of lipoprotein

37
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Yellow patches on eyelids from hyper cholesterol aemia

38
Q

Tendon xanthoma

A

Nodules on tendon from hypercholesterolaemia

39
Q

Corneal arcus

A

White/blue circle around eye
If seen in young can be a sign of hypercholesterolaemia

MEH Glossary (2 decks)

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