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MEH Glossary > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Define haemopoeisis

A

The production of blood cells in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Define haemoglobin

A

A tetramer of 2 pairs of globin chains, each with their own ham group
Found in erythrocytes
Deliver oxygen to issues

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3
Q

Define cytopenia

A

A general term for a low amount of cells
Umbrella term

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4
Q

Define -cytosis or -philia

A

An increase in

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5
Q

Define -penia

A

A decrease in

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6
Q

Define neutropilia

A

An increase in the number ofcirculating neutrophils

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7
Q

Define neutropenia

A

When the neutrophil count is less than 1.5 x 10^9/L

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8
Q

Define monocyte

A

Largest cells in the blood
Phagocyte
Role in making antigen presenting cells
Made from myeloid precursor

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9
Q

Define eosinophil

A

Mediator of allergic responses
Immune response against multicellular parasites

Made from granulocyte progenitors

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10
Q

Define basophil

A

Least common
Contains histanun, serotonin and heparin
Made from granulocyte progenitors

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11
Q

Define lymphocyte

A

Immune cells that originate in the bone morrow and detterenciale into b,t and natural killer cells
Made from hempcytoblasts

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12
Q

Define reticuloendothelial system

A

Part of immune system
Made up of monocytes on blood and a network of tissues containing phagocytic cells
Main organs arethespleen and liver

Role is to reman dead er damaged cells and to identity and destroy foreign antigens in blood and tissues

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13
Q

Define the spleen

A

Organ in RES
Contains Red and white pulp
Removes abnormal red cells
Pools blood and platelets

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14
Q

Define spelnomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen
Caused by haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell, portal hypertension

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15
Q

Define hyposplenism

A

Hack of functioning splenic tissue

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16
Q

Define haematocrit

A

Red blood cell layer

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17
Q

Define plasma

A

Contains water, proteins, nutrients w hormones

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18
Q

Define buffy coat

A

Contains white blood cells and platelets

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19
Q

Define reticulocyte

A

Immature red blood cell

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20
Q

Define MCV

A

Mean cell volume

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21
Q

Define microcytic

A

Smaller

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22
Q

Define macrocytic

A

Larger RBC

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23
Q

Define anisocytosis

A

Variation in size of RBC
Causes-
Haemolytic anemic, iron deficiency anaemia, sickle cell,

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24
Q

Define hypochromic

A

Pale with less haemoglobin
Caused by iron deficiency

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25
Q

Define hyperchromic

A

Dense with more haemoglobin in given volume
Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency

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26
Q

Define dimorphism

A

Two distinct population of red blood cells
Occurs post transfusion

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27
Q

Define polychromatic

A

More immature red blood cells than what’s considered normal

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28
Q

Define poikilocytosis

A

Abnormally shaped/range of shapes of RBC

29
Q

Define Spherocytosis

A

Spherical RBC

30
Q

Define elliptocytosis

A

Oval/elliptical RBC

31
Q

Define echino, acantho and kerato cytes

A

Spiculated cells (spiked)

32
Q

Define schistocytes

A

RBC fragments

33
Q

Define sickle cell

A

Crescent/sickle shaped cells seen in sickle cell disease

34
Q

Define target cells

A

AKA Codocyte
Outside and centre of RBC are dark and haemoglobinated

35
Q

Define blister cells

A

Empty pocket at the edge of the red cell
Consistent with oxidative haemolysis/G6PD deficiency

36
Q

Define Howell-jolly bodies

A

DNA/Nuclear fragments

37
Q

Define basophillic stippling

A

RNA Inclusions

38
Q

Define pappenheimer bodies

A

Iron inclusions

39
Q

Define Heinz bodies

A

Denatured haemoglobin aggregates

40
Q

Define Haemoglobin H inclusions

A

Beta chain tetramers
Found in severe alpha thalassaemia

41
Q

Define anaemia

A

Concentration of Haemoglobin is below normal

42
Q

Define kolionychia

A

Spoon shaped nails found in iron deficiency anaemia

43
Q

Define angular stomatitis

A

Inflammation of corners of the mouth
Seen in iron deficiency

44
Q

Define glossitis

A

Inflammation and depapillation of tongue
Vitamin b12 deficiency

45
Q

Define megaloblastic anaemia

A

B12 and folate deficiency

46
Q

Define macronormoblastic erythropoisis

A

Erythroblats are larger than normal and give rise to larger red cells

47
Q

Define folate

A

Aka folic acid
Required for the synthesis of nucleotide bases required for DNA and RNA synthesis

48
Q

Define B12

A

A water soluble vitamin
An essential cofactor for DNA synthesis
Required enrythropoeisis

49
Q

Define haemoglobinopathies

A

inherited blood disorders affecting haemoglobin

50
Q

Define thalassaemia

A

Reduced or absent expression of Normal globin chains
Can be alpha or beta

51
Q

Define sickle cell disease

A

Abnormal globin chain variants with altered stability and/or function
Mutated B globin protein referred to as HbS
Deformable - occlusion

52
Q

Define haemolytic anaemia

A

Can be acquired or inherited
Abnormal breakdown of red blood cells
Can be intra or extra vascular (blood vessels or spleen)
Increases reticulocyte production
Acquired from damage to cells e.g autoimmune or physical or chemical damage
Inherited from e.g G6PDH deficiency leading to oxidative damage, membrane protein defects e.g spherocytosis or sickle cell

53
Q

Define pyropoikilocytosis

A

Form of haemolytic anaemia
Caused by an inc. sensitivity to heat
Severe form of elliptocytosis
Spectrin defect

54
Q

Define autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

Antibodies produced to destroy self RBC

55
Q

Define ferrous iron

A

Fe 2+

56
Q

Define ferric iron

A

Fe 3+

57
Q

Define functional iron

A

Available iron
Not stored as ferritin or haemosiderin

58
Q

Define stored iron

A

Not available for use Ferritin - globular protein with hollow core and pores for iron to enter - soluble
Haemosiderin - aggregates of clumped ferritin, denatured proteins and lipids
In macrofagues. Non soluble

59
Q

Define anaemia of chronic disease

A

Hepcidin results in functional iron deficiency
Anaemia of inflammation
Cytokines released by immune system which increases hepcidin production which inhibits ferroportin - decreases iron release from RES and absorption from gut - less plasma iron - less erythropoiesis

60
Q

Define MCHC

A

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

61
Q

Define transfusion associated haemosiderosis

A

Accumulation of iron in body due to frequent blood transfusions

62
Q

Define hereditary haemochromostosis

A

Inherited condition where iron levels in the body slowly build up over many years

63
Q

Define myeloproliferative neoplasm

A

Over production of one or several blood elements
Dominance of a transformed clone - fulls up space in bone marrow
Can transform into leukemia

64
Q

Define polycythaemia Vera

A

Increase in circulating red blood cell conc.
raised haematocrit
Bone marrow over production due to genetic mutation
Primary absolute polythemia
Secondary is driven by erythropoietin so not cancerous - as a response to hypoxia

65
Q

Define essential thrombocythaemia

A

Too many platelets
Can have too many and too big megakaryocytes too

66
Q

Define myelofibrosis

A

Colonial haemopoietic stem cell proliferation
Can result from polycythaemia Vera or essential thrombocythaemia
Can also be primary - can also cause hypersplenism

67
Q

Define chronic myeloid leukaemia

A

Cancer of white blood cells
Unregulated growth of myeloid cells in bone marrow

68
Q

Define DIC

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Blood clots form throughout body
Blocks small blood vessels

69
Q

Define leucoerythroblastic film

A

Immature forms of red and white blood cells Unregulated growth
Granulocyte and erythroblasts
Can be caused by myoproliferative neoplasms, leukemia

MEH Glossary (2 decks)

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