Endocrinology Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus
Chronically elevated blood glucose
Leads to large and small npblood vessel damage
Renal threshold of glucose is exceeded resulting in g,glycosuria
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Medical emergency requiring intravenous insulin and fluid therapy
Caused by rapid lipolysis converting fats into ketone bodies in liver Disposed
Metabolic syndrome
Group of risk factors associated with developing diabetes and CV disease
E.g abdominal obesity, hypertriacylglyceraemia, low HDL, high BP
Gigantism
Excess of growth hormone in children
Usually caused by pituitary adenoma
Acromegaly
Excess of growth hormone in adults
Large extremities
Isthmus
Joins both lobes of the thyroid gland
Follicular cells
Arranged in thyroid follicles in spheres
Produce thyroid hormone
Filled with colloid which is a deposit of thyroglobulin
Thyroglobulin
Protein which acts as a scaffold for making thyroid hormones
Iodised and then coupled
Thyroid peroxidase
Enzyme that regulates the
Oxidation of iodide to iodine
Adding iodine to trpyrosine acceptor residues on thyroglobulin
Coupling of MIT or DIT to generate thyroid hormones Iodised
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Glycoprotein hormone composed of two subunits
Alpha subunit also in FSH and LH
Beta is
Triggers thyroid hormones Iodised release, and factors for thyroid hormone production
Goitre
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to over stimulation
Can be in hypo or hyper thyroidism
Thyroid schintigraphy
99m Tc (technetium) used for isotope scanning of the thyroid with a gamma camera
Fetoplacental unit
An endocrine entity
Placenta, fetal adrenal glands and fetal liver
Anti insulin hormones
Secreted by placenta
Tend to result in transient hyperglycaemia after meals due to insulin resistance
Except an anti insulin effect on maternal metabolism
Means the fetus keeps making glucose
Gestational diabetes
When pancreatic beta cells don’t produce enough insulin to meet increased requirement in late pregnancy
Caused by obesity and chronic insulin resistance
