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Dr Rachel > metabolism > Flashcards

metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what procsses do we need energy for?

A

muscle contraction
active transport
synthesis of complex biomolecules from simple precursors

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2
Q

what is the definition of thermodyanmics simple

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another.

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3
Q

Heterotrophy

A

Energy and volume are obtained from other organisms e.g. mammals

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4
Q

Autotrophy

A

Energy derived from sunlight and volume for CO2 in the atmosphere e.g. plants.

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5
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Energy from chemical redox reactions

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6
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

Extract energy from organic compounds by oxidation

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7
Q

what is considered a healthy diet

A

balance between carbohydrate, protein and fats. Energy intake and energy use also need to be balanced.

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8
Q

what things increase heart disease

A

. Diets high in saturated lipids or cholesterol

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9
Q

what type of diet can increase insulin resistance and type 2 dibeates

A

Diets high in processed carbohydrate

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10
Q

what does obesity increase

A

increases the risk of both heart disease and diabetes

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11
Q

what are the functions of metabolism 1/2

A

`Synthesis of precursors e.g. amino acids, Fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins nucleic acids.

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12
Q

what are the functions of metabolism 2/2`

A

Provision of energy. For synthesis, mechanical work, heat production, ion pumps etc.

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13
Q

Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions They may be:

A

Linear
Divergent
Convergent

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14
Q

describe central metabolic pathways

A

Few in number
Highly conserved throughout nature

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15
Q

descibe the structure of atp

A

3phosopahte molecules attached to ribose and adenine

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16
Q

what are the bonds on atp

A

it contains 2 phosphoanhydride bonds on its triphosphate unit

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17
Q

what is needed to synthesises atp

A

oxygen

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18
Q

to convert atp into adp what needs to happen

A

MOTION
active transport
biosyntheses

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19
Q

to convert adp into atp what do you need to do

A

oxidation of fuel molecules or photosyntehsis

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20
Q

atp production: Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Transfer of phosphoryl group from metabolites with high-phosphoryl transfer potential to ADP producing ATP

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21
Q

ATP production :Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Process of ATP formation as a result of transfer of electrons from fuels via electron carriers (NADH or FADH2) to the final electron acceptor oxygen

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22
Q

what is creatine made from in our body

A

Synthesis from glycine, arginine and methionine in liver

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23
Q

what is hexokinase?

A

a 6 carbon phosphorylating enzyme

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24
Q

how is glucose 6 phosphate formed

A

Glucose 6-phosphate is trapped in cells by its negative charge and is destabilized by a phosphoryl group for metabolic breakdown. The reaction strongly favors its formation, making it nearly irreversible.

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25
Q

what is Phosphoglucose isomerase

A

isomerase – convert from one isomer (glucose) to another (fructose)

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26
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

enzyme in glycolsis

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27
Q

summarise Phosphofructokinase

A

Kinase – phosphorlyating enzyme

Phosphofructo – fructose with a phosphoryl group attached.

Key regulatory enzyme in glycoloysis

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28
Q

summarise alodlase

A

Named from the reverse reaction which is an aldol condensation.

6 carbon sugar split into two 3 carbon sugars.

29
Q

summarise triose phosphate isomerase

A

isomerase – convert from one isomer (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) to another (glyceraldehyde phophate).

GAP is used directly in glycolysis whereas DHAP is not.

Isomerase converts DHAP (ketose) to GAP (aldose) for use in glycoloysis

30
Q

summarse energy transformation>

A

Glucose has been converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate but no ATP has been synthesised.

31
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

dehydrogenase – transfer “high energy” electrons from complex organic molecule to NAD+ to form NADH

32
Q

Phosphoglycerate kinase

A

catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

33
Q

what is enolase

A

Enolase – formation of an enol (phophoenolpyruvate)

34
Q

ATP synthesis and glycolysis- final products

A

The net production of ATP in glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules.

35
Q

what happens to pyruvate when it undergoes aerobic metabolism

A

it forms acertl coa

36
Q

what happens to pyruvate when it undergoes anaerobic metabolism

A

Lactic acid (lactate) and
Ethanol is forned

37
Q

METABOLIC FATE OF PYRUVATE

A

During glycolysis, NAD+ is converted to NADH. If the concentration of NAD+ decreases, glycolysis halts.
With oxygen, electrons from NADH move through the electron transport chain to oxygen, generating water, ATP, and regenerating NAD+.
Without oxygen, electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate, producing lactate or ethanol and restoring NAD+.

38
Q

how is lactic acid produced in anaerboic activity

A

NADH is oxidised by transfer of electrons to pyruvate to form lactic acid

39
Q

Lactic acid production during anaerobic activity

A

Lactic acid breaks down into lactate and hydrogen ions,
lowering pH and potentially causing muscle pain and reduced muscle function.
This can lead to decreased activity. The body can recover from the “oxygen debt” by converting lactate back into glucose in the liver, a process which generally takes about 30 minutes.

40
Q

Ethanol production in yeast cells

A

In aerobic conditions yeast break glucose down to carbon dioxide and water.
Yeast cells produce ethanol during anaerobic metabolism.

41
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose formation from noncarbohydrate precursors.

42
Q

what is the daily requimrent for glucose?

A

160g (Brain 120g)

43
Q

gluconegenosis

A

The liver is the primary organ for gluconeogenesis, which is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels for use by the brain and muscles

. This process synthesizes glucose from pyruvate,

Precursors are either converted to pyruvate or enter the gluconeogenesis pathway at intermediates such as oxaloacetate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

44
Q

lactate as a pre cursour

A

Skeletal muscle when glycolysis exceeds oxidative metabolism

45
Q

amino acids as pre cursour

A

Diet or during starvation (Muscle breakdown)

46
Q

glycerol as pre cursour

A

Hydrolysis of TAG yeilds glycerol and fatty acids

47
Q

summarise gluconeogensis

A

In mammals, gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in the liver and kidneys to produce glucose for the brain, muscles, and red blood cells

Three irreversible steps of glycolysis are bypassed by gluconeogenic enzymes
-Conversion of Pyruvate to PEP via oxaloacetate
-dephosphorylation of F 1,6-bisP
-dephosphorylation of G 6-P

Formation of one molecule of glucose from pyruvate is energetically expensive requiring 4ATP, 2GTP and 2NADH

48
Q

Entry of fructose and galactose into glycolysis

A

fructose and galactose play significant roles in human diets as they are commonly found in various foods

49
Q

what happens to galactose and fructose in glycolsis

A

Galactose and fructose are converted into intermediates of glycolysis

50
Q

Galactose metabolism

A

Galactose is converterted to glucose 6-phosphate

51
Q

Fructose metabolism

A

Fructose is converted, by hexokinase, to fructose 6-phosphate.

ORRRRR

Fructose is metabolised, in the fructose 1-phosphate pathway, to DHAP and GAP

52
Q

Inherited defects in metabolism

A

Lactose intolerance
Fructose intolerance

53
Q

what causes fructosuria

A

fructokinase enzyme

54
Q

Fructose intolerance

A
  • lack of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is consumed in the production of fructose-1-phosphate, which can disrupt the liver’s ability to generate ATP from ADP. This leads to the malfunctioning of ATP-dependent ion channels, causing cells to swell.

54
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

55
Q

what happens in the krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA converted into 2 CO2, 8 high energy electrons and GTP

High energy electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2

Electrons are then transferred to oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP

56
Q

what does the kreb cycle act as

A

act as a source of biosynthetic precursors

57
Q

what is Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The process by which ATP is formed as a result of transfer of electrons form NADH or FADH2 to oxygen

58
Q

electron carrriers

A

NADH and FADH2 are the major electron carriers in the oxidation of fuel molecules.

59
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation composed off

A

Electron Transport

ATP synthesis

60
Q

Electron Transport

A

The electron transport chain consists of a series of oxidation/reduction (redox) couples.

These redox couples interact to carry out the overall reaction:-
2H2 + O2  2H2O

61
Q

what is in the electron transport chain?

A

There are three protein complexes and two mobile electron carriers.

Energy is released during each of the oxidation/reduction reactions.

62
Q

why os cynaide dangerous

A

Cyanide inhibits cellular respiration by binding to cytochrome oxidase, preventing electron transport. As a treatment, nitrite is used to convert hemoglobin to a form that competes with cytochrome oxidase for cyanide, aiding in the removal of the toxin.

63
Q

what is chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

Electron transport and ATP synthesis coupled by a proton gradient

64
Q

what is the evidence to support chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

A proton gradient can be measured
ATP synthesised if gradient created

65
Q

summarise how atp is generated

A

ATP is produced in cells through a process where electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen through a series of reactions in the electron transport chain.

The energy from electron transfer is used to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix, creating a proton motive force.
Finally, ATP is synthesized by the enzyme ATP synthase as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through this enzyme.

66
Q

how much atp does OP create

A

26

67
Q

how much atp does the glycolsis and krebs create

A

2 and 2

68
Q
A

Dr Rachel (3 decks)

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