Metabolism Flashcards
_____ is the building of complex structures from simpler ones, and requires energy, much
of which is supplied by _____.
Anabolism; ATP
_____ is the breakdown of complex structures into simpler ones. Much of the energy
released is captured in _____.
Catabolism; ATP
_____ is the entire set of reactions comprising both anabolism and catabolism.
Metabolism
Carbohydrate is stored in the body as _____.
glycogen
_____ is the set of reactions in which the body generates glycogen polymers from
glucose
Glycogenesis
When glucose is needed by the body as fuel, glycogen is hydrolyzed back to glucose in a
process called _____.
glycogenolysis
In the _____ or _____, both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis result in export of
glucose into the blood; in _____, however, the glucose that is produced cannot leave the
cell.
liver; kidneys; muscle
Glycolysis occurs in the cell’s _____, and captures some of the energy stored in glucose
or fructose as ATP. It is particularly useful because it does not require oxygen and is
_____.
cytoplasm; very fast
Draw a simple diagram of glycolysis showing NAD+, NADH, glucose, ADP, Pi, ATP, and
pyruvate, assuming that oxygen is available.
Check question 9. couldn’t paste diagram
Draw a simple diagram of glycolysis showing NAD+, NADH, glucose, ADP, Pi, ATP, and
pyruvate, assuming that oxygen is NOT available.
Check question 10 couldn’t paste diagram
If _____, NADH generated during glycolysis is re-oxidized during “oxidative
phosphorylation” and the energy stored in it is _____.
oxygen is available; used to
make ATP
If _____, NADH generated during glycolysis is re-oxidized by reducing the product of
glycolysis (pyruvate) to lactate and the energy in the NADH is _____.
oxygen is NOT available; lost
Before it can enter the citric acid cycle, pyruvate must be converted to _____. Pyruvate
has three carbons: _____ has two. The “missing” carbon leaves as _____, and the energy
that is released is captured in _____.
acetyl-CoA; acetyl-CoA; CO2
;
NADH
When a phosphate is transferred from a molecule to an ADP, the molecule, phosphate
and ADP are _____ in a reaction. The process is called _____.
substrates; substrate level
phosphorylation
When a phosphate is added to ADP by the action of ATP synthase, which is driven by a
hydrogen ion gradient generated by the _____ of fuels, the process is called _____.
oxidation; oxidative
phosphorylation
The citric acid cycle occurs in the _____, and its purpose is to finish oxidizing fuels that
were partially oxidized elsewhere in the cell in order to _____.
mitochondrial matrix; extract as
much energy as possible
The citric acid cycle is often called the _____ cycle.
Kreb’s
_____ enters the Kreb’s cycle, and _____ is produced. The energy is captured in _____,
a similar molecule called _____, and _____.
Acetyl-CoA; CO2; NADH;
FADH2; ATP
The electron transport chain is found in the _____.
inner mitochondrial membrane
Electrons are fed into the electron transport chain by _____ and _____. Their energy is
transferred to a hydrogen ion gradient, and eventually they, and nearby hydrogen ions,
combine with _____ to form _____.
NADH; FADH2; oxygen; water
The _____ across the mitochondrial inner membrane is used to power ATP synthase: as
_____ flow through the ATP synthase, ATP is made from ADP and Pi.
hydrogen ion gradient; hydrogen
ions
In the absence of oxygen, _____ ATP molecules can be produced from the oxidation of
glucose or other sugars. Most of glucose’s energy is lost to the cell when _____.
only two; lactate is discarded
Lactic acid produced by anaerobic glycolysis is transported in the blood to other organs
which can convert it back to _____ so that it can be used in oxidative phosphorylation.
pyruvate
In the presence of oxygen, up to _____ ATP can be produced, since the glucose can be
completely, instead of partially, oxidized. There is no need to discard lactate.
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