Digestive System - Anatomy

Question 0

The gastrointestinal tract is sometimes called the _____.

Answer 0

alimentary canal

Question 1

The digestive system organs fall into two major groups: the _____ and the _____.

Answer 1

gastrointestinal (GI) tract; accessory organs

Question 2

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a(n) _____ tube that twists its way from the mouth to the anus. Chemically inert objects can travel in one end and out the other without change, and are technically never inside the body.

Answer 2

continuous

Question 3

4. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract, taken in order, begins with the mouth, includes the _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____, and ends with the anus.

Answer 3

pharynx; esophagus; stomach;small intestine; large intestine

Question 4

The accessory digestive organs modify ingested food either _____ or _____, or both.

Answer 4

mechanically; chemically

Question 5

The accessory digestive organs include the _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.

Answer 5

teeth; tongue; gallbladder; salivary glands; liver; pancreas

Question 6

The central area of the gastrointestinal tract is called the _____, a name that describes this region in many other tubular organs as well.

Answer 6

lumen

Question 7

The organs of the digestive system which are found in the abdominal cavity, and the cavity itself, are lined by a(n) _____ membrane: the _____.

Answer 7

serous; peritoneum

Question 8

The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum and is filled with _____.

Answer 8

serous fluid

Question 9

The _____ are double-layered extensions of the peritoneum which connect the abdominal organs to the abdominal walls. Collectively, these extensions are called the _____.

Answer 9

mesenteries; mesentery

Question 10

Several organs lie outside the peritoneal cavity, between the parietal peritoneum and the dorsal abdominal wall. These are referred to as _____ organs.

Answer 10

retroperitoneal

Question 11

The duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder are all _____ organs.

Answer 11

retroperitoneal

Question 12

The _____ contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves which supply the digestive organs.

Answer 12

mesentery

Question 13

The _____ holds the abdominal organs in place and prevents them from shifting within the abdominal cavity. In addition, fat accumulates within its folds.

Answer 13

mesentery

Question 14

The most visible mesentery (upon dissection) is the folded layer which hangs like a curtain from the stomach and transverse colon; it is called the _____.

Answer 14

greater omentum

Question 15

Fat accumulates between the folds of the _____, leading to its alternate name: the ‘fatty apron.’

Answer 15

greater omentum

Question 16

The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____ lies outside of the boundary formed by the teeth (or gums, aka _____) but inside of the mouth; the _____ lies inside of the boundary formed by the teeth (or gums).

Answer 16

vestibule; gingiva; oral cavity proper

Question 17

The posterior of the oral cavity leads into the _____.

Answer 17

pharynx

Question 18

The Latin word for lip is _____ (plural, _____).

Answer 18

labium; labia

Question 19

The roof of the oral cavity is divided into two parts: the bony _____ and the _____.

Answer 19

hard palate; soft palate

Question 20

The _____ is the ‘dangly bit’ that projects from the soft palate; together with the soft palate, it prevents _____ as one swallows.

Answer 20

uvula; food from entering the
nose

Question 21

The opening to the pharynx, aka the _____, is bounded laterally by the _____ of the lymphatic system.

Answer 21

fauces; tonsils

Question 22

The intrinsic muscles of the tongue allow it to change _____, while the extrinsic muscles change its _____.

Answer 22

shape; position

Question 23

Small bumps on the tongue enhance the tongue’s ability to _____. In addition, some house receptors called _____.

Answer 23

grip food; taste buds

Question 24

Children have _____ teeth, adults (counting wisdom teeth), _____.

Answer 24

20; 32

Question 25

_____ are teeth which cut; _____, teeth which tear; and _____ and _____, teeth which grind.

Answer 25

Incisors; canines; premolars; molars

Question 26

The part of a tooth visible above the gums is the _____; the part below the gums, the _____; and the boundary between the two, the _____.

Answer 26

crown; root; neck

Question 27

The root of a tooth is composed of an outer layer of living tissue called _____, within which lies a cavity called the root canal which contains _____ (connective tissue), _____ and _____.

Answer 27

dentin; pulp; blood vessels; nerves

Question 28

The crown of a tooth is composed of a core of living tissue called _____ surrounded by a layer of nonliving _____, the hardest substance in the body.

Answer 28

dentin; enamel

Question 29

Teeth are held in their sockets by _____; the joints they form with the _____ (the sockets) are called gomphoses.

Answer 29

periodontal ligaments; alveoli

Question 30

_____ pairs of large salivary glands and hundreds of microscopic ones produce saliva, which lubricates and moistens the oral cavity.

Answer 30

Three

Question 31

The parotid glands are located _____, and produce _____ (watery) saliva.

Answer 31

posterolateral to the masseter; serous

Question 32

The submandibular glands are salivary glands which are located _____, and produce _____ (watery) saliva.

Answer 32

inferomedial to each side of the mandible; serous

Question 33

The sublingual glands are salivary glands which are located _____ and which produce _____ saliva.

Answer 33

beneath the tongue; mucus-rich

Question 34

The esophagus is a tube lying anterior to the _____ and posterior to the_____ and _____. It connects the _____ to the _____, and has a(n) _____ at each end to control the entry and exit of food and drink.

Answer 34

vertebrae; larynx; trachea; pharynx; stomach; sphincter

Question 35

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the _____.

Answer 35

cardiac sphincter

Question 36

The musculature of the esophagus is unusual in that the upper part is _____, while the lower part (close to the stomach) is _____.

Answer 36

voluntary muscle; smooth muscle

Question 37

The upper opening of the stomach is the _____ or _____ opening; leakage of substances through the opening is prevented by the _____.

Answer 37

gastroesophageal; cardiac; cardiac sphincter

Question 38

One part of the stomach, the _____, is superior to the cardiac sphincter. (Gas sometimes accumulates here, leading to an uncomfortably bloated sensation.)

Answer 38

fundus

Question 39

The stomach's contents leave to enter the small intestine via the _____, and unintentional leakage of substances through the opening is prevented by the _____.

Answer 39

pyloric orifice; pyloric sphincter

Question 40

The stomach churns food and mixes it with gastric secretions to form _____, which literally means 'juice.'

Answer 40

chyme

Question 41

The interior of the empty stomach is extremely wrinkled: these wrinkles, or folds, are called _____ and allow the stomach to expand and stretch when storing food or drink.

Answer 41

rugae

Question 42

The stomach does not digest itself because its lumen is coated heavily with a layer of _____.

Answer 42

neutral to alkaline mucus

Question 43

The lower region of the stomach (the _____ region) contracts against the lower sphincter, which does not fully open, in order to transfer chyme a little bit at a time to the small intestines.

Answer 43

pyloric

Question 44

The small intestine is divided conceptually into three regions. Listed in order as food moves, they are the _____, _____ and _____.

Answer 44

duodenum; jejunum; ileum

Question 45

The 25 cm _____ is the C-shaped portion of the small intestine into which the stomach empties. Its name is derived from the number 12, for '12 inches.'

Answer 45

duodenum

Question 46

The second-longest portion of the small intestine is the _____, measuring 2.5 meters (just over 8 feet) in length. (It quickly becomes clear that the small intestine is named 'small' due to its diameter, not its length.)

Answer 46

jejunum

Question 47

The longest portion of the small intestine is the _____, measuring 3.5 meters (almost 11.5 feet)

Answer 47

ileum

Question 48

The great length of the small intestine is necessary for _____; in addition, its surface is formed into _____, _____ and _____, so that its total surface area is huge - roughly the size of a tennis court!

Answer 48

nutrient absorption; circular | folds; villi; microvilli

Question 49

The large intestine is divided into five regions. The _____, _____ and approximately one half of the _____ are found on the right side of the body.

Answer 49

vermiform appendix; cecum; | colon

Question 50

The large intestine is divided into five regions. Approximately one half of the _____ is found on the left side of the body; from there, feces reach the _____, their final storage place prior to their exit through the _____.

Answer 50

colon; rectum; anal canal

Question 51

The colon is divided into four regions, the _____ colon on the right side of the body, the _____ colon which crosses from right to left, and the _____ colon and _____ colon on the left side of the body.

Answer 51

ascending; transverse; | descending; sigmoid

Question 52

The _____ is a vestigial organ roughly the size of one's index finger, suspended from the cecum.

Answer 52

vermiform appendix

Question 53

The chyme, or bolus, enters the large intestine at the top of the _____, and is allowed to fill it and remain there for awhile to decrease the water content.

Answer 53

cecum

Question 54

Entry of chyme into the large intestine is controlled by the _____, which is found at the juncture of the ileum and large intestine.

Answer 54

ileocecal valve

Question 55

The teniae coli are _____ which run the length of the large intestine. They cause the formation of puckered pouches called _____ along the entire length of the large intestine.

Answer 55

ribbons of smooth muscle; | haustra

Question 56

Small, fat-filled pouches are attached to the large intestine here and there along its length: these are called _____.

Answer 56

epiploic appendages

Question 57

The anal canal is a 1.5 cm passageway which conducts feces out of the rectum. It includes two _____; the inner one is involuntary, the outer, voluntary.

Answer 57

sphincters

Question 58

The bulk of the liver is on the _____ side of the body, _____ to the esophagus and vena cava.

Answer 58

right; anterior

Question 59

The lobes of the liver are the _____, _____, _____ and _____ lobes.

Answer 59

left; right; caudate; quadrate

Question 60

The quadrate lobe of the liver is _____ to the caudate lobe. Both lie beneath and between the left and right lobes.

Answer 60

anterior

Question 61

The region on the _____ surface of the liver at which blood vessels, ducts, and nerves enter the organ is known as the _____.

Answer 61

inferior; porta

Question 62

Blood enters the liver via two major vessels, the _____ and _____.

Answer 62

hepatic artery; portal vein

Question 63

. Innervation of the liver is enabled by entry of the _____ through the porta.

Answer 63

hepatic nerve plexus

Question 64

Lymphatic vessels and _____ hepatic bile ducts leave the liver through the porta. The hepatic ducts merge to form the _____.

Answer 64

two; common hepatic duct

Question 65

Dilute bile is produced by the liver and transferred to the _____, where it is _____ and _____.

Answer 65

gallbladder; concentrated; | stored until needed

Question 66

The amount of bile produced daily is determined in part by one's _____ daily intake: thus, a sudden decrease in intake (as on a diet) may result in the _____.

Answer 66

average; accumulation of | unused bile

Question 67

Accumulation of unused bile in the gallbladder is dangerous, because as water and electrolytes continue to be removed, _____.

Answer 67

cholesterol may precipitate and | form gallstones

Question 68

The gallbladder can store approximately _____ ml ( plus or minus 15 ml or so) of concentrated bile.

Answer 68

55

Question 69

Bile leaves the gallbladder via the _____ duct, which merges with the _____ duct to form the _____ duct.

Answer 69

cystic; common hepatic; | common bile

Question 70

The gallbladder has three layers: the lumen is lined with _____, which is surrounded by the _____, and that in turn by _____.

Answer 70

mucosa; muscularis; serosa

Question 71

The mucosa of the gallbladder, when empty, is _____ to form _____.

Answer 71

folded; rugae

Question 72

The pancreas is a long, roughly triangular organ nestled in the curve of the _____, lying posterior to the _____.

Answer 72

duodenum; stomach

Question 73

The head of the pancreas lies against the _____, while the tail extends toward (and almost reaches) the _____.

Answer 73

duodenum; spleen

Question 74

The pancreas is essentially two glands in one: that is, it has both _____ and _____ functions.

Answer 74

endocrine; exocrine

Question 75

The _____ are clusters of cells in the pancreas which secrete digestive enzymes.

Answer 75

acini

Question 76

The secretions of the acini are collected in a network of ducts which feeds into the _____, which empties into the _____ via two branches, one small and one large.

Answer 76

pancreatic duct; duodenum

Question 77

The smaller branch of the pancreatic duct enters the duodenum via the _____.

Answer 77

minor duodenal papilla

Question 78

The larger branch of the pancreatic duct joins the _____ to form the _____, which empties into the duodenum via the _____.

Answer 78

common bile duct; hepatopancreatic ampulla; major duodenal papilla