Metabolism

Question 1

vitamins

Answer 1

organic molecules in food that function as coenzymes, which combine with enzyme to allow it to function
fat soluble or water soluble

Question 2

minerals

Answer 2

inorganic and necessary for normal metabolic functioning.
- est resting membrane potentials
- generate action potentials
- buffers, osmotic pressure
obtained from animal and plant sources

Question 3

anabolism

Answer 3

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
- synthetic reaction

Question 4

catabolism

Answer 4

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
- decomposition reaction

Question 5

Phosphorylation

Answer 5

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 6

cellular metabolism

Answer 6

all the chemical activities of a cell
- glycolysis (make pyruvic acid; 2 ATP, 2 NADH)
- pyruvic oxidation
- Kreb cycle (make 2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH)
- electron transport chain (34 ATP, H2O made)

Question 7

Glycolysis

Answer 7

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
- glucose into glucose 6-P by dephoph ATP > ADP + P
- glucose 6-P becomes fructose 6-P
- become fructose 1,6-P by dephoph ATP > ADP + P
- fructose 1,6-P > dihydroxyacetone p > glyceraldehyde 3-P (x2)
- oxidize molecule by reducing NAD > NADH
- dephosp molecule by phosph ATP > ADP + P
- final product is 2 pyruvic acids

Question 8

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 8

breakdown of glucose without oxygen
- glycolysis makes 2ATP and 2NADH
- not enough O2 so NADH joins back onto pyruvic acid molec to make lactic acid

produce: CO2, H2O, 38 ATP
- kreb cycle and electron transport chain

Question 9

steps of anaerobic respiration

Answer 9

• glycolysis: glucose into 2 pyruvic acid , 2ATP, 2CO2
• the pyruvic acid is oxidized into Acetyl-CoA
• Acetyl-CoA and oxalocetic acid make Citric acid
• Citric acid kick starts the Krebs Cycle
• 6NADH and 2FADH from Krebs Cycle to go electron transport chain
• electron transport chain reduced O2 to make H2O and makes 36 ATP
• total: 38 ATP made

Question 10

pyruvic oxidation

Answer 10

the transitional process in between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in which pyruvate is oxidized into a two carbon compound (occurs in the inner mitochondrial matrix).
- now called Acetyl-CoA
-Makes 2 ATPs for each pyruvate

Question 11

citric acid

Answer 11

a six-carbon compound formed in the Krebs cycle.
Acetyl-CoA (cc) + Oxaloacetic acid (cccc)

Question 12

Krebs Cycle

Answer 12

produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration
- started by Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetic acid
- occurs x2 per glucose molec (as there are 2 pyruvic)
- NAD > NADH x3 (x2 in total = 6)
- FAD > FADH (x2 in total = 2)
- ADP + P > ATP (x2 in total = 2)

NADH and FADH now head off to electron transport chain

Question 13

electron transport chain

Answer 13

• NADH and FADH from Krebs Cycle carry in e- and H+
• e- into inner compartment; H+ up protein channel into outer membrane
• carrier molecule take H+ down conc gradient, guided by ATP synthase
• as H+ down protein it spins creating enough energy to slam the P into ADP to make ATP and diffuse out
• the H+ join w O to make H2O
  -makes 34 ATP for 1 glucose molecule

Question 14

Biomolecules

Answer 14

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Question 15

Lipid Metabolism

Answer 15

-triglyceride breaks into glycerol and fatty acid
- glycerol combines with glucose to make Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate where it splits to produce Pyruvic acid
- Free fatty acids can be turned into Acetyl-CoA (enters citric acid cycle)

Question 16

Protein Metabolism

Answer 16

• Transamination: Building of non-essential proteins . Transfer of an amine group to keto acid
• Deamination:
  Using a protein as a fuel source. Using to make ATP . uses extra chemical reactions