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Z -Biol 151 > Cellular Chemistry & Physiology > Flashcards

Cellular Chemistry & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

keep the body running and maintain its various levels (ex: pH, blood-glucose levels)

has 2 general regulatory mechanisms: autoregulation and extrinsic regulation

consists of: receptor, control center & effector

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2
Q

autoregulation

A
  • 1 of the general regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis
  • cells, tissues, organs
  • each cell drives changes to be made on a cellular level
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3
Q

extrinsic regulation

A
  • 1 of 2 general regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis
  • nervous and endocrine systems
  • can change consciously; make self adrenaline dump
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4
Q

feedback systems

A

Self-regulating systems the protect the body against extremes. The body sends information back into the system to induce a response with this. (most are negative except childbirth)

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5
Q

negative feedback loop

A

Start process, out come of process stops it. The very product of the loop stops it (ex: the heat thermostat turns itself off when it reaches a certain temp.)

Factor -> sensor -> integrating center -> Effector -> back to Factor

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6
Q

positive feedback loop

A

-the product keeps it going (ex: fertilized egg keeps growing, is born, keeps growing) (once ejaculation starts, it doesn’t stop)

  • Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
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7
Q

Biological level of organization

A

(low to high)
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities

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8
Q

atoms

A
  • Atoms are the fundamental structural units of matter
  • 3 types of particles:
    ○ Protons (positively charged)
    ○ Neutrons (uncharged)
    ○ Electrons (negatively charged
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9
Q

element

A

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
- atomic # = # of p in nucleus
- can be solid, liqud, gas at room temp

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10
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms bonded together through electron shell interactions
- must be the same element (ex: H2)

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11
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing of e between atoms w partially full outer shells

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12
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons (uncharged)
- same charge on nucleus
- spend same amount of time near nucleus

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13
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
- atoms w a stronger charge will pull more on e
- Ex. H20 (H = +ve charge, O2 = -ve charge)

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14
Q

ion

A

A charged atom (+/-) that has lost or gained an e to become this way.
- are already stable
- cation = (+) charge
- anion = (-) charge

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15
Q

ionic bonds

A

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other and are bound into a molecule by ionic bonds
- salt crystals: repeatedly ordered Na and Cl

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16
Q

organic molecule

A

A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.
- carbohydrate
- protein
- lipids
- nucleic acids

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17
Q

Monomers

A

A small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
-can be formed by hydrolysis

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18
Q

Polymers

A

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
- formed by dehydration

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19
Q

hydrolysis

A

break down of polymers by adding water

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20
Q

dehydration

A

remove water from monomers in order to make polymers

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21
Q

chemical energy

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds
- is the energy for life
- body only recognizes ATP as energy (must be used in 60 sec or is broken down)

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22
Q

exergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy (ex: burning glucose)
- create kinetic energy

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23
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reaction that requires input of energy
- create potential energy

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24
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
- will have different atomic masses (= #p + #n)

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25
intermolecular forces
forces of attraction between molecules - only water will expand in the cold as lower temps will break the H bonds
26
hydrogen bonds
- are an intermolecular force *Occur when the positively charged H of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged O, N or F of another molecule
27
solubility
The ability to dissolve in another substance
28
metabolism
sum of all catabolic (breakdown into smaller) and anabolic (make large molecules) reactions in the body
29
synthetic reactions
Combine two or more elements or compounds to form a new compound according to the form A + B =AB - anabolize large particles via dehydration - this is how proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids are made
30
equilibrium
the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
31
oxidation-reduction reaction (redox)
the loss of electrons (oxidation) or gain of electrons (reduction) between two atoms
32
Kinetic energy
does work and moves matter
33
Potential Energy
energy stored in chemical bonds; energy that could do work if it were released. Breaking chemical bonds releases energy.
34
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
only form of energy recognized by the body - P joins ADP for 60 seconds to be used; if not used in the 1 minute then fall off
35
enzyme
a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body by lowering the amount of activation energy (amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur) *Cofactors: combine with active site and make nonfunctional enzymes functional
36
acid
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; accepts H
37
base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution; gives up H
38
Buffer
a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations
39
pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 -acidic: more H ions (0) -basic/alkaline: more OH (14) -neutral: even O and OH (7)
40
monosaccharides (carbohydrates)
*Simple sugars. *Six-carbon sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose are important in the diet as energy sources. *Five-carbon sugars are components of ATP, DNA and RNA
41
disaccharides (carbohydrates)
*Two simple sugars bound together by dehydration - sucrose, lactose, maltose
42
polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
*Long chains of many monosaccharides. *Storage molecules for monosaccharides and form part of cell surface markers
43
Atomic Shells
Every atom in the whole universe wants to be stable. The outer most shell that has a certain amount of electrons it can hold
44
Atomic number
number of protons that defines an element. All atoms of an element have the same atomic number
45
Mass number
number of protons plus number of neutrons
46
Atomic Matter
fundamental structural units of matter 3 types = protons, neutrons, electrons
47
Inert
atoms that will not react with others because its outermost shell is completely empty or full
48
Stable Atom
an atom that has either gained an e- or lost an e- in its outermost shell to make the outermost shell either empty or full
49
Unstable Atom
An atom with a unfilled outermost shell
50
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next - double helix shape - A+T; G+C
51
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose -Responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of proteins.
52
membrane proteins
Embedded proteins that help cells communicate, maintain shape, change, transport/share material - integral/intrinsic - peripheral/extrinsic
53
intrinsic membrane proteins
- extend deep into membrane, often stick out on either side - form channels thru membrane
54
extrinsic membrane proteins
- attached to intrinsic proteins at inner/outer surfaces of bilipid layer - transport molecules and act as receptors and signals
55
enzymes
- catalyze some reactions inside/outside of PM - grab molecule and dehydrate/hydrolyze it
56
diffusion
mvmnt of solutes from area of high conc to area of low conc in solution
57
osmosis
movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration (high water to low water conc)
58
isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
59
hypertonic
more concentrated solution outside cell, so water exits cell - become shriveled as water exits the cell
60
hypotonic
more concentrated solution inside cell, so water moves inside cell - expand and burst as water enters cell
61
mediated transport mechanisms
involve carrier proteins or channels in the cell membrane -specificity: for single type of molecule -competition: among molec of similar shape -saturation: rate of transport limited to available carriers
62
primary active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy against concentration gradient - must "pay" w ATP - rate of transport depends on conc of substrate and ATP
63
secondary active transport
use pre-existing gradient to drive transport of solute. use energy from stored ionic conc differences from either side of membrane -like charged particles repel (antiport) -opposite charged particles attract (symport)
64
cell metabolism
aerobic: need oxygen; result in large ATP amounts anaerobic: not need oxygen; produce little ATP
65
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
66
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
67
codon
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
68
transcription
"write it down" DNA used to form RNA
69
translation
synthesis of protein using mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
70
anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
71
facilitated transport
a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) - move without "paying" w cellular energy
72
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Z -Biol 151 (9 decks)

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