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Z -Biol 151 > Cellular Chemistry & Physiology > Flashcards

Cellular Chemistry & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

keep the body running and maintain its various levels (ex: pH, blood-glucose levels)

has 2 general regulatory mechanisms: autoregulation and extrinsic regulation

consists of: receptor, control center & effector

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2
Q

autoregulation

A
  • 1 of the general regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis
  • cells, tissues, organs
  • each cell drives changes to be made on a cellular level
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3
Q

extrinsic regulation

A
  • 1 of 2 general regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis
  • nervous and endocrine systems
  • can change consciously; make self adrenaline dump
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4
Q

feedback systems

A

Self-regulating systems the protect the body against extremes. The body sends information back into the system to induce a response with this. (most are negative except childbirth)

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5
Q

negative feedback loop

A

Start process, out come of process stops it. The very product of the loop stops it (ex: the heat thermostat turns itself off when it reaches a certain temp.)

Factor -> sensor -> integrating center -> Effector -> back to Factor

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6
Q

positive feedback loop

A

-the product keeps it going (ex: fertilized egg keeps growing, is born, keeps growing) (once ejaculation starts, it doesn’t stop)

  • Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
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7
Q

Biological level of organization

A

(low to high)
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities

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8
Q

atoms

A
  • Atoms are the fundamental structural units of matter
  • 3 types of particles:
    ○ Protons (positively charged)
    ○ Neutrons (uncharged)
    ○ Electrons (negatively charged
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9
Q

element

A

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
- atomic # = # of p in nucleus
- can be solid, liqud, gas at room temp

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10
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms bonded together through electron shell interactions
- must be the same element (ex: H2)

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11
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing of e between atoms w partially full outer shells

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12
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons (uncharged)
- same charge on nucleus
- spend same amount of time near nucleus

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13
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
- atoms w a stronger charge will pull more on e
- Ex. H20 (H = +ve charge, O2 = -ve charge)

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14
Q

ion

A

A charged atom (+/-) that has lost or gained an e to become this way.
- are already stable
- cation = (+) charge
- anion = (-) charge

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15
Q

ionic bonds

A

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other and are bound into a molecule by ionic bonds
- salt crystals: repeatedly ordered Na and Cl

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16
Q

organic molecule

A

A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.
- carbohydrate
- protein
- lipids
- nucleic acids

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17
Q

Monomers

A

A small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
-can be formed by hydrolysis

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18
Q

Polymers

A

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
- formed by dehydration

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19
Q

hydrolysis

A

break down of polymers by adding water

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20
Q

dehydration

A

remove water from monomers in order to make polymers

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21
Q

chemical energy

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds
- is the energy for life
- body only recognizes ATP as energy (must be used in 60 sec or is broken down)

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22
Q

exergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy (ex: burning glucose)
- create kinetic energy

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23
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reaction that requires input of energy
- create potential energy

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24
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
- will have different atomic masses (= #p + #n)

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25
Q

intermolecular forces

A

forces of attraction between molecules
- only water will expand in the cold as lower temps will break the H bonds

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26
Q

hydrogen bonds

A
  • are an intermolecular force
    *Occur when the positively charged H of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged O, N or F of another molecule
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27
Q

solubility

A

The ability to dissolve in another substance

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28
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all catabolic (breakdown into smaller) and anabolic (make large molecules) reactions in the body

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29
Q

synthetic reactions

A

Combine two or more elements or compounds to form a new compound according to the form A + B =AB
- anabolize large particles via dehydration
- this is how proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids are made

30
Q

equilibrium

A

the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

31
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction (redox)

A

the loss of electrons (oxidation) or gain of electrons (reduction) between two atoms

32
Q

Kinetic energy

A

does work and moves matter

33
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds; energy that could do work if it were released. Breaking chemical bonds releases energy.

34
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

only form of energy recognized by the body
- P joins ADP for 60 seconds to be used; if not used in the 1 minute then fall off

35
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body by lowering the amount of activation energy (amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur)
*Cofactors: combine with active site and make nonfunctional enzymes functional

36
Q

acid

A

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; accepts H

37
Q

base

A

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution; gives up H

38
Q

Buffer

A

a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations

39
Q

pH scale

A

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
-acidic: more H ions (0)
-basic/alkaline: more OH (14)
-neutral: even O and OH (7)

40
Q

monosaccharides (carbohydrates)

A

*Simple sugars.
*Six-carbon sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose are important in the diet as energy sources.
*Five-carbon sugars are components of ATP, DNA and RNA

41
Q

disaccharides (carbohydrates)

A

*Two simple sugars bound together by dehydration
- sucrose, lactose, maltose

42
Q

polysaccharides (carbohydrates)

A

*Long chains of many monosaccharides.
*Storage molecules for monosaccharides and form part of cell surface markers

43
Q

Atomic Shells

A

Every atom in the whole universe wants to be stable. The outer most shell that has a certain amount of electrons it can hold

44
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons that defines an element. All atoms of an element have the same atomic number

45
Q

Mass number

A

number of protons plus number of neutrons

46
Q

Atomic Matter

A

fundamental structural units of matter
3 types = protons, neutrons, electrons

47
Q

Inert

A

atoms that will not react with others because its outermost shell is completely empty or full

48
Q

Stable Atom

A

an atom that has either gained an e- or lost an e- in its outermost shell to make the outermost shell either empty or full

49
Q

Unstable Atom

A

An atom with a unfilled outermost shell

50
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next
- double helix shape
- A+T; G+C

51
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
-Responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of proteins.

52
Q

membrane proteins

A

Embedded proteins that help cells communicate, maintain shape, change, transport/share material
- integral/intrinsic
- peripheral/extrinsic

53
Q

intrinsic membrane proteins

A
  • extend deep into membrane, often stick out on either side
  • form channels thru membrane
54
Q

extrinsic membrane proteins

A
  • attached to intrinsic proteins at inner/outer surfaces of bilipid layer
  • transport molecules and act as receptors and signals
55
Q

enzymes

A
  • catalyze some reactions inside/outside of PM
  • grab molecule and dehydrate/hydrolyze it
56
Q

diffusion

A

mvmnt of solutes from area of high conc to area of low conc in solution

57
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration (high water to low water conc)

58
Q

isotonic

A

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

59
Q

hypertonic

A

more concentrated solution outside cell, so water exits cell
- become shriveled as water exits the cell

60
Q

hypotonic

A

more concentrated solution inside cell, so water moves inside cell
- expand and burst as water enters cell

61
Q

mediated transport mechanisms

A

involve carrier proteins or channels in the cell membrane
-specificity: for single type of molecule
-competition: among molec of similar shape
-saturation: rate of transport limited to available carriers

62
Q

primary active transport

A

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy against concentration gradient
- must “pay” w ATP
- rate of transport depends on conc of substrate and ATP

63
Q

secondary active transport

A

use pre-existing gradient to drive transport of solute. use energy from stored ionic conc differences from either side of membrane
-like charged particles repel (antiport)
-opposite charged particles attract (symport)

64
Q

cell metabolism

A

aerobic: need oxygen; result in large ATP amounts
anaerobic: not need oxygen; produce little ATP

65
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

66
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

67
Q

codon

A

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

68
Q

transcription

A

“write it down”
DNA used to form RNA

69
Q

translation

A

synthesis of protein using mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

70
Q

anticodon

A

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

71
Q

facilitated transport

A

a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)
- move without “paying” w cellular energy

72
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Z -Biol 151 (9 decks)

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