Cardiovascular and Blood

Question 1

Hematopoiesis / hemopoiesis

Answer 1

process of blood cell production
* RBC last 120 days in circulation

-Production:
○ Stem cells > proerythroblasts >early erythroblasts > intermediate erythroblasts > last erythroblasts > reticulocytes

Question 2

Types of Stem cells

Answer 2

• Proerythroblasts: develop into red blood cells
• Myeloblasts: develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
• Lymphoblasts: develop into lymphocytes
• Monoblasts: develop into monocytes
• Megakaryoblasts: develop into platelets

Question 3

red blood cells

Answer 3

morei in male than female
- 1/3 hemoglobin (hem = O2, globin = CO2)
- 2/3 lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase

• 98.5% O2 attached to hemoglobin
• 7% CO2 in plasma; 23% CO2 in hemoglobin; 70% CO2 as bicarbonate ions due to carbonic anhydrase

Question 4

hemoglobin

Answer 4

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells
- quaternary shape
- embryonic/fetal have more O2 attached than adult
- oxyhemoglobin carries O2
- deoxyhemoglobin not carry O2
- carbaminohemoglobin carries CO2

Question 5

erythropoietin

Answer 5

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

Question 6

White Blood Cells

Answer 6

protect body against microorganisms; remove dead cells and debris
- ameboid: pseudopod
- diapedesis: stretch to fit btwn cells or thru capillaries
- chemotaxis: attraction and mvmnt toward foreign material or injured cells

Question 7

hemostasis

Answer 7

stoppage of bleeding by one of 3 ways:
- Vascular spasm: vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels (spasm and shut)
- Platelet plug: formation
- Blood clotting

Question 8

platelet plug formation

Answer 8

platelet adhesion: when von Willebrand factor connects collagen and platelets

platelet release rxn: release ADP, thrombaxanes, other chemicals to activate platelets in cascade effect

platelet aggregation: activated platelets give out receptors to bind to fibrinogen to make a plug/bridge btwn platelets

expression of factor V and phospholipids: (coagulation)

Question 9

coagulation

Answer 9

blood clotting (hemostasis)
- activate prothrombinase > prothrombin to thrombin > fibrinogen to fibrin

• factors are proteins in plasma that circulate inactively until tissues are damaged; when platelets adhere the activations begin
• blood clot: fibrin fibers, trapped blood cells, platelets and fluid

Question 10

extrinsic clotting pathway

Answer 10

• begin w chemicals outside of blood

stage 1: damaged tissues release TF3; Ca present makes TF3 + TF7 = TF 10; form prothrombinase

stage 2: prothrombinase turn prothrombin > thrombin

stage 3: thrombin turn fibrinogen > fibrin
and thrombin activate TF13 to stabilize clot

Question 11

intrinsic clotting pathway

Answer 11

• begin with chemicals part of blood

stage 1: in damaged vessels TF12 comes in contact w collagen to activate TF12; TF11 is stimulated to turn on TF9; TF9 joins with TF8, platelets, Ca, to make TF10; prothrombinase made

stage 2: prothrombinase turn prothrombin > thrombin

stage 3: thrombin turn fibrinogen > fibrin
and thrombin activate TF13 to stabilize clot

Question 12

control of clot formation

Answer 12

• anticoagulants: prevent coagulation factors from starting clot
• coagulation factors need to meet threshold

Question 13

anticoagulants

Answer 13

prevent blood clot formation
- antithrombin: made in liver, slowly inactivates thrombin
- heparin: made from basophils and endothelial cells; increases antithrombin effectiveness
- prostacyclin: prostaglandin from endothelial cells,, cause vasodilation and inhibit release of coagulating factors from platelets

Question 14

fibrinolysis

Answer 14

Breakdown and removal of a clot; how stop blood leave body
- fibrin threads of clot attach to vessel walls
- platelet processes attach to fibrin threads
- actin and myosin in platelets contract to pull edges in and allow serum to exit

clot dissolved by plasmin (enzyme that hydrolyzes fibrin)

Question 15

blood grouping

Answer 15

determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
- transfusion: transfer blood from person to person
- antibodies (agglutinins) bind to RBC antigens to agglutinate or hemolysis RBCs
- ABO and RH

Question 16

antibodies

Answer 16

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents by attaching to antigens

Question 17

antigens

Answer 17

foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.

Question 18

blood types

Answer 18

A: has B antibodies and A antigens
B: has A antibodies and B antigens
AB: no antibodies; A and B antigens
O: has A and B antibodies but no antigens

Question 19

agglutination reaction

Answer 19

The formation of visible clumps as a result of antibodies binding to and cross-linking insoluble antigens

Question 20

Rh blood group

Answer 20

Rh (+) : have these antigens on surface of RBCs
Rh (-) : do not have these antigens on RBCs

Question 21

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Answer 21

This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.
- late in pregnancy fetus Rh cross over placenta and mom makes antiRh
- second baby with this +/- mishap could die

Question 22

erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 22

a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus

Question 23

diagnostic blood tests

Answer 23

• type/crossmatch: determine ABO and Rh (red cells tested against antibodies)
• RBC count: number of RBCs per microliter of blood
• hemoglobin measurement: grams of hemoglobin per 100mL (14-18 for male, 12-16 for female)
• hematocrit: % of blood that is RBC
• WBC count: 5000-10000 per microliter of blood

Question 24

hematocrit

Answer 24

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
- not many WBC can be seen
- WBC + plasma = buffy coat

Question 25

differential WBC count

Answer 25

% of each kind of leukocyte
- neutrophils 60-70%
- lymphocytes 30-40% (B and T cells)
- monocytes 2-8% (large macrophage)
- eosinophils 1-4% (antihistamine)
- basophils 0.5-1% (histamine)

Question 26

prothrombin time

Answer 26

measure of how long it takes for blood to clot
9-12 seconds
- hemophilia: no or slow prothrombin time

Question 27

blood chemistry

Answer 27

a test or series of tests on a sample of plasma to measure the levels of its composition, including glucose, albumin, triglycerides, pH, cholesterol, and electrolytes

Question 28

heart functions

Answer 28

• generate blood pressure
• route blood (pulmonary vs systemic)
• one-way blood flow (valves)
• regulate blood supply