Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The conversion of light energz to chemical energy

6 CO2 + H20 + light -> C6H12O6

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2
Q

Respiration

A

a series of enzyme-driven reactions that allow plants to turn the stored energy of carbohydrates made via photosynthesis into a form of energy they can use to power growth and metabolic processes

They use oxygen for the breakdown of food and releases energy.

  1. The plants respire with the help of small pores which are present on the leaf.
  2. These pores are known as stomata which help in gaseous exchange.
  3. Roots also have small pores which help in absorption.
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3
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the plant cell. On one hand, primary metabolism comprises all metabolic pathways that are essential to the plant’s survival, generating compounds (metabolites) that are directly involved in the growth and development of the organism.

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

also called biosynthesis

builds simple molecules into more complex ones

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

The part of the metabolism responsible for breaking complex molecules down into smaller molecules

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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the process that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

process that involves the loss of electrons as opposed to the reduction process where there is a gain of electrons

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8
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

CO2

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9
Q

Light Dependance Reaktion

A

happen in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight

The sunlight is converted to chemical energy during these reactions.

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10
Q

NADP

A

NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH

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11
Q

Light-independantreaction

A

a series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis not requiring light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Calvin cycle

A

It is the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell.

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13
Q

Photons

A

a quantum of radiant energy with a visible wavelength

essentially light energy and as such they are a key component in photosynthesis

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14
Q

Photosystems

A

the functional units for photosynthesis

defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons.

found in the thylakoid membranes

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15
Q

Water Splitting

A

Water splitting is the chemical reaction in which water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen

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16
Q

Pq

A

short for plastoquinone, is a molecule in the electron transport chain

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17
Q

Electron Flow

A

Is a ‘short circuiting’ of the normal z scheme of the light reaction of photosynthesis where energy that otherwise would have gone into making NADPH instead is diverted towards making more ATP

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18
Q

Photophosphyration

A

Photophosphorylation is the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII

19
Q

Cytochromes

A

capable of performing electron transfer reactions and catalysis by reduction or oxidation

redox-active proteins

involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis

20
Q

Fd

A

iron–sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions

21
Q

Fad

A

a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins

22
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient

23
Q

Rubisco

A

Fixates the CO2 during photosynthesis

An enzyme

24
Q

C3 plant

A

A plant that utilizes the C3 carbon fixation pathway as the sole mechanism to convert CO2 into an organic compound

25
Photorespiration
The process by which in the presence of light plant consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
26
4 - Carbon pathway
designed to efficiently fix CO2 at low concentrations and plants that use this pathway are known as C4 plants. These plants fix CO2 into a four carbon compound (C4) called oxaloacetate. This occurs in cells called mesophyll cells.
27
Pep carboxylase
An enzyme in the carboxylases responsible for the formation of the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate by catalyzing the binding of one molecule of carbon dioxide to the three-carbon compound phosphoenolpyruvate.
28
C4 plante
C4 plants are adapted to life in dry, hot environments where water represents a limiting resource utilize a different enzyme called PEP carboxylase in order to facilitate carbon fixation, the process by which organisms utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) to form a variety of organic compounds maize, sugarcane, and sorghum
29
Cam photosynthesis
a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but they open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2) and allow it to diffuse into the mesophyll cells
30
Respiration
31
Aerobic respiration
the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food
32
Anaerobic respiration
when an athlete is exercising too vigorously there's not enough oxygen delivery into the muscle So what happens is that the glucose is reacting and there's a by-product from that which is called lactic acid
33
Fermentation
Chemical conversion of products by enzymes and bacteria
34
Glycolysis
A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen
35
Pyrovic acid
Pyruvic acid is a water-soluble, organic liquid that is produced by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars through the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis)
36
Nad
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; a coenzyme that is a hydrogen carrier in metabolic reactions
37
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
38
NADH
is a cofactor, used to donate electrons and a hydrogens to reactions catalyzed by some enzymes
39
FADH 2
High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain
40
Electron Transport
the sequential transfer of electrons especially by cytochromes in cellular respiration from an oxidizable substrate
41
Factor affecting rate of Transpiration
Temperature Humidity Air movement Light intensity
42
Assimilation
it refers to the processes of photosynthesis and the absorption of raw materials by which plants derive their nutrition.
43
Digestion
organic materials are broken down and transformed into new life forms