Metabolism Flashcards
Photosynthesis
The conversion of light energz to chemical energy
6 CO2 + H20 + light -> C6H12O6
Respiration
a series of enzyme-driven reactions that allow plants to turn the stored energy of carbohydrates made via photosynthesis into a form of energy they can use to power growth and metabolic processes
They use oxygen for the breakdown of food and releases energy.
- The plants respire with the help of small pores which are present on the leaf.
- These pores are known as stomata which help in gaseous exchange.
- Roots also have small pores which help in absorption.
Metabolism
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the plant cell. On one hand, primary metabolism comprises all metabolic pathways that are essential to the plant’s survival, generating compounds (metabolites) that are directly involved in the growth and development of the organism.
Anabolism
also called biosynthesis
builds simple molecules into more complex ones
Catabolism
The part of the metabolism responsible for breaking complex molecules down into smaller molecules
Cellular respiration
the process that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP
Oxidation
process that involves the loss of electrons as opposed to the reduction process where there is a gain of electrons
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Light Dependance Reaktion
happen in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight
The sunlight is converted to chemical energy during these reactions.
NADP
NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH
Light-independantreaction
a series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis not requiring light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide
Calvin cycle
It is the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell.
Photons
a quantum of radiant energy with a visible wavelength
essentially light energy and as such they are a key component in photosynthesis
Photosystems
the functional units for photosynthesis
defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons.
found in the thylakoid membranes
Water Splitting
Water splitting is the chemical reaction in which water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen
Pq
short for plastoquinone, is a molecule in the electron transport chain
Electron Flow
Is a ‘short circuiting’ of the normal z scheme of the light reaction of photosynthesis where energy that otherwise would have gone into making NADPH instead is diverted towards making more ATP
Photophosphyration
Photophosphorylation is the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII
Cytochromes
capable of performing electron transfer reactions and catalysis by reduction or oxidation
redox-active proteins
involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis
Fd
iron–sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions
Fad
a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins
Chemiosmosis
the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient
Rubisco
Fixates the CO2 during photosynthesis
An enzyme
C3 plant
A plant that utilizes the C3 carbon fixation pathway as the sole mechanism to convert CO2 into an organic compound
Photorespiration
The process by which in the presence of light plant consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
4 - Carbon pathway
designed to efficiently fix CO2 at low concentrations and plants that use this pathway are known as C4 plants.
These plants fix CO2 into a four carbon compound (C4) called oxaloacetate. This occurs in cells called mesophyll cells.
Pep carboxylase
An enzyme in the carboxylases responsible for the formation of the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate by catalyzing the binding of one molecule of carbon dioxide to the three-carbon compound phosphoenolpyruvate.
C4 plante
C4 plants are adapted to life in dry, hot environments where water represents a limiting resource
utilize a different enzyme called PEP carboxylase in order to facilitate carbon fixation, the process by which organisms utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) to form a variety of organic compounds
maize, sugarcane, and sorghum
Cam photosynthesis
a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions
allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night
the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but they open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2) and allow it to diffuse into the mesophyll cells
Respiration
Aerobic respiration
the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food
Anaerobic respiration
when an athlete is exercising too vigorously there’s not enough oxygen delivery into the muscle
So what happens is that the glucose is reacting and there’s a by-product from that which is called lactic acid
Fermentation
Chemical conversion of products by enzymes and bacteria
Glycolysis
A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen
Pyrovic acid
Pyruvic acid is a water-soluble, organic liquid that is produced by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars through the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis)
Nad
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; a coenzyme that is a hydrogen carrier in metabolic reactions
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
NADH
is a cofactor, used to donate electrons and a hydrogens to reactions catalyzed by some enzymes
FADH 2
High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport
the sequential transfer of electrons especially by cytochromes in cellular respiration from an oxidizable substrate
Factor affecting rate of Transpiration
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Light intensity
Assimilation
it refers to the processes of photosynthesis and the absorption of raw materials by which plants derive their nutrition.
Digestion
organic materials are broken down and transformed into new life forms
