Metabolism

Question 1

Photosynthesis

Answer 1

The conversion of light energz to chemical energy

6 CO2 + H20 + light -> C6H12O6

Question 2

Respiration

Answer 2

a series of enzyme-driven reactions that allow plants to turn the stored energy of carbohydrates made via photosynthesis into a form of energy they can use to power growth and metabolic processes

They use oxygen for the breakdown of food and releases energy.

1. The plants respire with the help of small pores which are present on the leaf.
2. These pores are known as stomata which help in gaseous exchange.
3. Roots also have small pores which help in absorption.

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the plant cell. On one hand, primary metabolism comprises all metabolic pathways that are essential to the plant’s survival, generating compounds (metabolites) that are directly involved in the growth and development of the organism.

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

also called biosynthesis

builds simple molecules into more complex ones

Question 5

Catabolism

Answer 5

The part of the metabolism responsible for breaking complex molecules down into smaller molecules

Question 6

Cellular respiration

Answer 6

the process that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP

Question 7

Oxidation

Answer 7

process that involves the loss of electrons as opposed to the reduction process where there is a gain of electrons

Question 8

Carbon Dioxide

Answer 8

CO2

Question 9

Light Dependance Reaktion

Answer 9

happen in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight

The sunlight is converted to chemical energy during these reactions.

Question 10

NADP

Answer 10

NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH

Question 11

Light-independantreaction

Answer 11

a series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis not requiring light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide

Question 12

Calvin cycle

Answer 12

It is the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell.

Question 13

Photons

Answer 13

a quantum of radiant energy with a visible wavelength

essentially light energy and as such they are a key component in photosynthesis

Question 14

Photosystems

Answer 14

the functional units for photosynthesis

defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons.

found in the thylakoid membranes

Question 15

Water Splitting

Answer 15

Water splitting is the chemical reaction in which water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen

Question 16

Pq

Answer 16

short for plastoquinone, is a molecule in the electron transport chain

Question 17

Electron Flow

Answer 17

Is a ‘short circuiting’ of the normal z scheme of the light reaction of photosynthesis where energy that otherwise would have gone into making NADPH instead is diverted towards making more ATP

Question 18

Photophosphyration

Answer 18

Photophosphorylation is the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII

Question 19

Cytochromes

Answer 19

capable of performing electron transfer reactions and catalysis by reduction or oxidation

redox-active proteins

involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis

Question 20

Fd

Answer 20

iron–sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions

Question 21

Fad

Answer 21

a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins

Question 22

Chemiosmosis

Answer 22

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient

Question 23

Rubisco

Answer 23

Fixates the CO2 during photosynthesis

An enzyme

Question 24

C3 plant

Answer 24

A plant that utilizes the C3 carbon fixation pathway as the sole mechanism to convert CO2 into an organic compound

Question 25

Photorespiration

Answer 25

The process by which in the presence of light plant consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Question 26

4 - Carbon pathway

Answer 26

designed to efficiently fix CO2 at low concentrations and plants that use this pathway are known as C4 plants.

These plants fix CO2 into a four carbon compound (C4) called oxaloacetate. This occurs in cells called mesophyll cells.

Question 27

Pep carboxylase

Answer 27

An enzyme in the carboxylases responsible for the formation of the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate by catalyzing the binding of one molecule of carbon dioxide to the three-carbon compound phosphoenolpyruvate.

Question 28

C4 plante

Answer 28

C4 plants are adapted to life in dry, hot environments where water represents a limiting resource

utilize a different enzyme called PEP carboxylase in order to facilitate carbon fixation, the process by which organisms utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) to form a variety of organic compounds

maize, sugarcane, and sorghum

Question 29

Cam photosynthesis

Answer 29

a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions

allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night

the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but they open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2) and allow it to diffuse into the mesophyll cells

Question 30

Respiration

Question 31

Aerobic respiration

Answer 31

the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

Question 32

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 32

when an athlete is exercising too vigorously there’s not enough oxygen delivery into the muscle

So what happens is that the glucose is reacting and there’s a by-product from that which is called lactic acid

Question 33

Fermentation

Answer 33

Chemical conversion of products by enzymes and bacteria

Question 34

Glycolysis

Answer 34

A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen

Question 35

Pyrovic acid

Answer 35

Pyruvic acid is a water-soluble, organic liquid that is produced by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars through the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis)

Question 36

Nad

Answer 36

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; a coenzyme that is a hydrogen carrier in metabolic reactions

Question 37

Citric acid cycle

Answer 37

The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

Question 38

NADH

Answer 38

is a cofactor, used to donate electrons and a hydrogens to reactions catalyzed by some enzymes

Question 39

FADH 2

Answer 39

High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain

Question 40

Electron Transport

Answer 40

the sequential transfer of electrons especially by cytochromes in cellular respiration from an oxidizable substrate

Question 41

Factor affecting rate of Transpiration

Answer 41

Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Light intensity

Question 42

Assimilation

Answer 42

it refers to the processes of photosynthesis and the absorption of raw materials by which plants derive their nutrition.

Question 43

Digestion

Answer 43

organic materials are broken down and transformed into new life forms