Metabolism Flashcards
Define the terms anabolism & catabolism
Anabolism - building up chemical reactions
Catabolism - Breaking down more complex molecules through metabolism
Describe the metabolic reaction for glycogenesis?
Storage of glucose by converting it into glycogen through glycogenesis
Describe the metabolic reaction for glycogenolysis?
Breaking down the glycogen to form glucose when are blood glucose levels are low to provide our body cells with more energy
Describe the metabolic reaction for gluconeogenesis?
Making new glucose when all our glucose is used up from lipids and protein
Describe the metabolic reaction for lipolysis?
The break down of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.
Describe the metabolic reaction for lipogenesis?
Making more lipids. When more calories are consumed than are needed glucose & amino acids are made into lipids (triglycerides) by liver cells & adipose tissue
State the affect glycogenesis will have on BGL?
Decrease BGL
State the affect glycogenolysis will have on BGL?
Increase BGL
State the affect glucoenogenesis will have on BGL?
Increase BGL
State the affect lipolysis will have on BGL?
Increase BGL
State the affect lipogenesis will have on BGL?
Decrease BGL
State the hormone stimulate for glycogenesis?
Insulin
State the hormone stimulate for glycogenolysis?
Glucagon and adrenalin
State the hormone stimulate for gluconeogenesis?
Cortisol and glycogen
State the hormone stimulate for lipolysis?
Adrenalin, cortisol, thyroid hormone and growth hormones
State the hormone stimulate for lipogenesis?
Insulin
State the location where glycogen is stored?
Mostly in skeletal muscle fibres and some liver cells
Name the two products resulting from lipolysis
Glycerol and fatty acids?
What is glycerol used for?
Converted into pyruvate & enters the Kreds cycle to produce ATP. Glycerol can also be converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis
What are fatty acids used for?
Converted into acetyl coenzyme A in the liver, which then enters the Krebs cycle to form ATP
What are ketone bodies (ketones) produced from?
Ketone are produced when the body burns fat for fuel. Normally these ketones will be completely broken down (metabolised) so that there are very few ketones in the urine
Describe what causes an increase in ketones
- Server salvation
- uncontrolled diabetes
- If for any reason the body cannot get enough glucose from energy it will switch to using body fats, causing an increase in ketones in the body
List the clinical signs & symptoms that would result from excess ketones
- Change in the chemical balance of your blood
- dehydration
Explain the clinical significance of excess ketones – state what homeostatic imbalance will occur
Ketones bodies are acidic and an excess production can lower blood pH and cause metabolic acidosisK
Describe three uses for amino acids
- Make new proteins
- build/repair body tissue
- excess amino acids are broken down by the liver and used for ATP and converted into glucose and triglycerides
Describe three uses for amino acids
- Make new proteins
- build/repair body tissue
- excess amino acids are broken down by the liver and used for ATP and converted into glucose and triglycerides
One of the end products of amino acid catabolism in urea. State two tests could be done to check the levels of this product
- Blood tests (U&E)
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
One of the end products of amino acid catabolism in urea. State two tests could be done to check the levels of this product
- Blood tests (U&E)
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Rate at which energy is released from fuel molecules inside cells
- Is the metabolic rate measured under resting/fasting conditions
State four factors that would increase BMR
- Exercise
- Hormones
- Higher body temperature
- Ingestion
How are ketones bodies formed?
Ketone bodies are produced from fatty acid catabolism (breakdown of fatty acids
Give an example when the body may have increased levels of ketones
Over production of ketones results from severe starvation (glucose unavailable from dietary sources) or from uncontrolled diabetes where the glucose that is available cannot enter the cells due to lack of insulin or increased insulin resistance.
