Metabolism

Question 1

Define the terms anabolism & catabolism

Answer 1

Anabolism - building up chemical reactions

Catabolism - Breaking down more complex molecules through metabolism

Question 2

Describe the metabolic reaction for glycogenesis?

Answer 2

Storage of glucose by converting it into glycogen through glycogenesis

Question 3

Describe the metabolic reaction for glycogenolysis?

Answer 3

Breaking down the glycogen to form glucose when are blood glucose levels are low to provide our body cells with more energy

Question 4

Describe the metabolic reaction for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 4

Making new glucose when all our glucose is used up from lipids and protein

Question 5

Describe the metabolic reaction for lipolysis?

Answer 5

The break down of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 6

Describe the metabolic reaction for lipogenesis?

Answer 6

Making more lipids. When more calories are consumed than are needed glucose & amino acids are made into lipids (triglycerides) by liver cells & adipose tissue

Question 7

State the affect glycogenesis will have on BGL?

Answer 7

Decrease BGL

Question 8

State the affect glycogenolysis will have on BGL?

Answer 8

Increase BGL

Question 9

State the affect glucoenogenesis will have on BGL?

Answer 9

Increase BGL

Question 10

State the affect lipolysis will have on BGL?

Answer 10

Increase BGL

Question 11

State the affect lipogenesis will have on BGL?

Answer 11

Decrease BGL

Question 12

State the hormone stimulate for glycogenesis?

Answer 12

Insulin

Question 13

State the hormone stimulate for glycogenolysis?

Answer 13

Glucagon and adrenalin

Question 14

State the hormone stimulate for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 14

Cortisol and glycogen

Question 15

State the hormone stimulate for lipolysis?

Answer 15

Adrenalin, cortisol, thyroid hormone and growth hormones

Question 16

State the hormone stimulate for lipogenesis?

Answer 16

Insulin

Question 17

State the location where glycogen is stored?

Answer 17

Mostly in skeletal muscle fibres and some liver cells

Question 18

Name the two products resulting from lipolysis

Answer 18

Glycerol and fatty acids?

Question 19

What is glycerol used for?

Answer 19

Converted into pyruvate & enters the Kreds cycle to produce ATP. Glycerol can also be converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis

Question 19

What are fatty acids used for?

Answer 19

Converted into acetyl coenzyme A in the liver, which then enters the Krebs cycle to form ATP

Question 19

What are ketone bodies (ketones) produced from?

Answer 19

Ketone are produced when the body burns fat for fuel. Normally these ketones will be completely broken down (metabolised) so that there are very few ketones in the urine

Question 20

Describe what causes an increase in ketones

Answer 20

• Server salvation
• uncontrolled diabetes
• If for any reason the body cannot get enough glucose from energy it will switch to using body fats, causing an increase in ketones in the body

Question 21

List the clinical signs & symptoms that would result from excess ketones

Answer 21

• Change in the chemical balance of your blood

- dehydration

Question 22

Explain the clinical significance of excess ketones – state what homeostatic imbalance will occur

Answer 22

Ketones bodies are acidic and an excess production can lower blood pH and cause metabolic acidosisK

Question 23

Describe three uses for amino acids

Answer 23

• Make new proteins
• build/repair body tissue
• excess amino acids are broken down by the liver and used for ATP and converted into glucose and triglycerides

Question 23

Describe three uses for amino acids

Answer 23

• Make new proteins
• build/repair body tissue
• excess amino acids are broken down by the liver and used for ATP and converted into glucose and triglycerides

Question 24

One of the end products of amino acid catabolism in urea. State two tests could be done to check the levels of this product

Answer 24

• Blood tests (U&E)

- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Question 24

One of the end products of amino acid catabolism in urea. State two tests could be done to check the levels of this product

Answer 24

• Blood tests (U&E)

- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Question 25

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 25

• Rate at which energy is released from fuel molecules inside cells
• Is the metabolic rate measured under resting/fasting conditions

Question 26

State four factors that would increase BMR

Answer 26

• Exercise
• Hormones
• Higher body temperature
• Ingestion

Question 27

How are ketones bodies formed?

Answer 27

Ketone bodies are produced from fatty acid catabolism (breakdown of fatty acids

Question 27

Give an example when the body may have increased levels of ketones

Answer 27

Over production of ketones results from severe starvation (glucose unavailable from dietary sources) or from uncontrolled diabetes where the glucose that is available cannot enter the cells due to lack of insulin or increased insulin resistance.