Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

Describe three responses to blood loss?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Platelet plus formation
  • Coagulation
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2
Q

Describe the response of the SNS (sympathetic nervous system) to significant blood loss

A
  • Heart rate & strength of contraction & cardiac output
  • Constriction of veins, venous return and cardiac output
  • Peripheral resistance
  • The production of adrenaline
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3
Q

Define the term antigen?

A

A substance that is recognised as foreign by the immune system and generates an immune response

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3
Q

Define the term antigen?

A

A substance that is recognised as foreign by the immune system and generates an immune response

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4
Q

Using the ABO classification name the four main blood groups and state what antigens each blood group has

A

Group A: A person who has RBC with A antigens
Group B: A person who has RBC with B antigens
Group AB: A person who has RBC with both A and B antigens
Group O: A person who has RBC with no antigens

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5
Q

For each of the four blood groups state what antibodies would be present in the plasma

A

Group A: Antibody B
Group B: Antibody A
Group AB: Neither Antibodies A nor B
Group O: Both Antibodies A and B

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6
Q

State the blood type for universal recipients & explain why this type can receive blood from all blood groups

A

People with type AB+ve blood are called “universal recipients” since they do have A, B and D antigens, and thus do not have any A, B or D antibodies in their plasma.

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7
Q

State the blood type that is called the universal donor and explain why this blood type can donate to all blood groups?

A

Universal donor must have O negative blood. Since they do not have A, B or D antigens, and so do have A, B antibodies. There will be no acute haemolytic reaction as there are no A, B or D antigens on the donated RBC.

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8
Q

Explain the difference between blood typing & cross-matching?

A
  • Blood Typing is identifying the blood group

- Cross Matching is mixing the donor blood and recipient blood for compatibility

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8
Q

Explain the difference between blood typing & cross-matching?

A
  • Blood Typing is identifying the blood group

- Cross Matching is mixing the donor blood and recipient blood for compatibility

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9
Q

List the six different types of blood transfusion reactions?

A
  • Acute Haemolytic
  • Febrile
  • Mild allergic
  • Anaphylactic
  • Circulatory overload
  • Sepsis
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10
Q

Describe what causes a febrile reaction?

A

Reaction to donor WBC, platelets and plasma proteins

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11
Q

Describe the clinical signs & symptoms you would observe if a person had a circulatory overload reaction?

A

Cough, dyspnoea, pulmonary congestion, headache, hypertension, distended neck veins

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12
Q

Describe the two major physiological events that occur during an acute haemolytic reaction and explain why this reaction is so severe?

A
  • Agglutination: Obstruction of blood capillaries

- Haemolysis: renal failure, heart arrhythmias

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13
Q

Explain what is meant by rhesus positive?

A
  • People who present with D antigens on RBC surface are rhesus positive. People who do not have the antoigen are considered negative e.g A+ and A-
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