Metabolic Reactions

Question 1

Define anabolism

Answer 1

Making up of complex molecules with the storage of energy

Question 2

Define catabolism

Answer 2

The breakdown of complex molecules with the release of energy

Question 3

What happens in the Glycogenesis reaction and what happens to the BGL and what hormone stimulates this reaction

Answer 3

If there are more glucose in the body than what is needed glucose join together to make glycogen. BGL lowers and is stimulated by insulin

Question 4

What happens in the Glycogenolysis reaction and what happens to the BGL and what hormone stimulates this reaction

Answer 4

When blood glucose is low, glycogen stored breaks up into glucose increasing BGL. Glucagon is the hormone that stimulates this reaction

Question 5

What happens in the Gluconeogenesis reaction and what happens to the BGL and what hormone stimulates this reaction

Answer 5

When the glycogen is all used up in the liver and no more glycogen to make glucose from, new glucose is made from lipids and proteins. This would increase BGL. Gluconeogenesis is stimulated from the hormones glucagon and cortisol.

Question 6

What happens in the Lipolysis reaction and what happens to the BGL and what hormone stimulates this reaction

Answer 6

Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol which increases BGL and is stimulated by the hormones adrenaline, cortisol, thyroid hormone and growth stimulating hormone.

Question 7

What happens in the Lipogenesis reaction and what happens to the BGL and what hormone stimulates this reaction

Answer 7

When more calories are consumed than needed glucose and amino acids are made into lipids and stored in the adipose tissue. BGL decreases and insulin is the hormone that stimulates this reaction

Question 8

State where glycogen is stored

Answer 8

The liver

Question 9

Name the two products resulting from lipolysis and what are they used for?

Answer 9

Glycerol and fatty acids are produced from lipolysis and are used for energy

Question 10

What are ketone bodies produced from?

Answer 10

Ketone bodies are produced from acetyl coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 11

What causes an increase in ketones?

Answer 11

If too many fatty acids are converted into CoA and is too much for the Krebs cycle which the liver then converts CoA into ketones

Question 12

List the clinical signs and symptoms that would result from excess ketones

Answer 12

Excessive thirst
Excessive urination
Nausea and vomiting 
Stomach pain
Weakness or fatigue
Shortness of breath 
Fruity scent on breath

Question 13

Explain the clinical significance of excess ketones – state what homeostatic imbalance will occur

Answer 13

Diabetes. Glucose levels are too high

Question 14

Describe three uses for amino acids

Answer 14

Break down food, grow body tissue and repair body tissue

Question 15

One of the end products of amino acid catabolism is urea. State two tests that could be done to check the levels of this product

Answer 15

Blood test and urine test

Question 16

State what elevated levels of urea and creatanine would indicate

Answer 16

Decreased renal function

Question 17

Define basal metabolic rate

Answer 17

Is the number of calories the body consumes at rest

Question 18

State four factors that would increase BMR

Answer 18

Exercise
Hormones
High body temperature
Ingestion of food

Question 19

List five hormones that increase BMR & explain how each hormone increases BMR

Answer 19

Thyroxine - Low metabolic rate stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH in blood stimulates follicular cells in thyroid to release thyroxine. Thyroxine released into blood causes BMR to increase  
Insulin - 
Growth hormone - 
Testosterone - 
Adrenaline -