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BNNS502 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Five ways the endocrine system maintains homeostasis

A

Alters metabolism, regulates growth and development, regulates reproduction, regulates circadian rhythm and regulates activity of muscles and glands

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2
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid soluble hormones located?

A

Within the target cell

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3
Q

Where are the receptors for water-soluble hormones located?

A

On the cell membrane

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4
Q

Why can water soluble hormones not be given orally?

A

They will be destroyed by digestion

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5
Q

What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine hormones?

A

Autocrine hormones activate the cells that produced them, paracrine activate neighboring cells.

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6
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into interstitial fluid which diffuse into the blood. Exocrine secrete into ducts which carry them to the target site.

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7
Q

What gland is both endocrine and exocrine?

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

How are hormones inactivated and excreted from the body?

A

Some are degraded by enzymes in target cells but most are inactivated by the liver, and excreted by the kidneys and in faeces

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9
Q

What three stimuli trigger hormone secretion?

A

Signals from the nervous system, chemical levels in the blood or other hormones.

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10
Q

Structure and location of the pituitary gland

A

Small pea shaped gland that sits below the hypothalamus

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11
Q

What 2 hormones are released from the posterior pituitary, and where are they produced?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Produced in the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What six hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Growth hormone 
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
prolactin
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13
Q

Stimulus, target and function of ADH

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detects increase of solutes in the blood, impulses sent to pituitary to release ADH which tells the kidneys to increase blood volume and decrease urine output.

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14
Q

What stimulates oxytocin release and what does it do?

A

When a baby breast feeds signals are sent to the hypothalamus which sends action potentials to the axon terminals in posterior pituitary to release oxytocin which travels to the breast and stimulates release of milk.

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15
Q

What stimulates growth hormone and what does it do

A

Releasing hormone from hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release GH. Targets all body cells to enlarge and divide but main targets are bone and skeletal muscle.

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16
Q

What stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone and what does it do

A

Low blood levels of thyroxine or low metabolic rate (cold) causes hormone cascade. Hypothalamus releases a hormone that travels to anterior pituitary which releases TSH which then tells thyroid to release thyroxine (T3, T4). Thyroxine increases the basal metabolic rate thus producing heat

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17
Q

What stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone and what does it do

A

Stress causes hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone which tells anterior pituitary to release ACTH which travels to adrenal gland and tells it to release cortisol.

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18
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do

A

From anterior pituitary. Initiates development of eggs and stimulates production of oestrogen in females. Stimulates production of sperm in males

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19
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do

A

Stimulates production of oestrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. Stimulates production of testosterone in the testes

20
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Initiates and maintains milk production, levels rise dramatically towards end of pregnancy

21
Q

What are 2 clinical conditions related to thyroxine

A

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

22
Q

What mineral is essential in the production of thyroxine

A

Iodine

23
Q

Location of adrenal glands

A

On top of the kidneys

24
Q

What two areas are within the adrenal glands and what hormones do they produce

A

Adrenal cortex - Cortisol and aldosterone

Adrenal medulla - adrenaline and noradrenaline

25
Q

What are four functions of cortisol

A

Increases BGL by gluconeogenesis
helps maintain sympathetic response
Raises level of fatty acids and amino acids in the blood
Has an anti-inflammatory effect that suppresses immune system

26
Q

What stimulates secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Stressful situations, exercise, fight or flight response

27
Q

What are six functions of adrenaline

A 
Increases HR
Increases cardiac output
Increase BP 
Increase blood flow
Dilate airways
Increase BGL
28
Q

What is the main function of noradrenaline

A

Vasoconstriction to increase BP

29
Q

When would glucocorticoids (cortisol) medications be prescribed?

A

To suppress anti-inflammatory response in organ transplant patients

30
Q

What two hormones control blood calcium levels and where are they released from

A

Calcitonin from thyroid and parathyroid hormone (PTH) from parathyroid gland

31
Q

What is the gland and hormone responsible for circadian rhythm?

A

Pineal gland produces melatonin

32
Q

What are three functions of calcium in the body

A

Transmission of nerve impulses
muscle contraction
blood clotting

33
Q

What are the three main functions of PTH

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone and raise blood calcium
Enhances reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
Activates vit D to become calcitriol which is needed to absorb calcium from food

34
Q

What causes release of calcitonin and what does it do

A

Calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are too high. It inhibits osteoclast activity resulting in calcium being deposited in bone and less in blood

35
Q

What is calcitriol also known as

A

Active vitamin D

36
Q

What are the two functions of calcitriol

A

Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from intestine

Enhances actions of PTH to resorb bone

37
Q

What two hormones specifically regulate BGL and what cells secrete them?

A

Glucagon from alpha cells and Insulin from beta cells

38
Q

Stimulus and function of Glucagon

A

Chemical stimulus, when BGL are too low glucagon is secreted which stimulates your liver to turn glycogen back into glucose via glycogenolysis

39
Q

Stimulus and function of Insulin

A

Chemical stimulus when BGL is too high, insulin is released which joins glucose molecules together into glycogen to be stored via glycogenesis

40
Q

What four other hormones can also raise BGL

A

Cortisol, adrenaline, growth hormone, thyroid hormone

41
Q

Three stages of the stress response

A
  1. Initial fight or flight response
  2. Slower resistance reaction
  3. Exhaustion
42
Q

What is the main hormone responsible for stage 1

A

Adrenaline

43
Q

Three hormones responsible for stage 2

A

Cortisol, growth hormone, thyroxine

44
Q

What are the long term effects of prolonged cortisol

A

Wasting of muscle
Immune system suppression
Ulceration of GI tract
Failure of insulin producing beta cells

45
Q

What two risks are associated with long term stress

A

Chronic disease

Premature death

46
Q

Four age related changes to the endocrine system

A

Growth hormone decreases causing muscle atrophy
Thyroid gland decreases production resulting in decrease in BMR
PTH rises resulting in osteoporosis and fractures
Adrenal cortex produces less aldosterone and cortisol

BNNS502 (9 decks)

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