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Metabolic Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolic?

A

Break apart

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2
Q

What is anabolic?

A

Put together

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3
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

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4
Q

What is chemical potential energy?

A

Energy absorbed by molecules when reactant bonds break. Energy released by molecules when product bonds form

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5
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be converted from one form to another

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6
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Everything moves towards an increase in entropy, otherwise it requires energy

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7
Q

What is entropy?

A

A measure of disorder in the universe

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8
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed

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9
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

The overall change that occurs

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10
Q

What is endothermic?

A

Energy of the products is greater than the energy of the reactants. Uphill process. Anabolic reaction. Decreased entropy. Non-spontaneous

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11
Q

What is exothermic?

A

Energy of the products are less than energy of the reactants. Downhill process. Catabolic reaction. Increased entropy. Spontaneous

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12
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A chemical agent that changes the rate of the reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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13
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of the reaction that would otherwise be too slow to support life. Almost all are protein structures. Shape determines function

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14
Q

Describe enzymes structure

A

Enzymes act on substrates at their active site. A substrate is the reactant that the enzyme acts on. And active site is a pocket where the substrate binds

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15
Q

What is the induced fit model of substrate binding?

A

As a substrate binds, the enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate to catalyze the reaction

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16
Q

What is meant by substrate specific?

A

Enzymes recognize one specific substrate. However a substrate can be acted on by many different enzymes. Substrate specificity due to the fit between the active site and the substrate

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17
Q

How’s an enzyme named?

A

Root suggest substrate, ends in “ASE “

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18
Q

What are factors affecting enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, cofactors

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19
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The protein loses its ability to function due to the breakdown of it’s 3-D structure

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20
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme preventing it from binding to the substrate and catalyzing a reaction

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21
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Inhibitor competes with substrate for active site

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22
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

Inhibitor binds to allosteric site, which leads to a change in shape of the active site, and the substrate no longer fits

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23
Q

What is allosteric activation?

A

Molecule binds to allosteric site preventing or removing inhibition. Increased enzyme activity

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24
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate. The energy currency of the cell. A nucleic acid containing high energy phosphate bonds

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25
What is phosphorylation?
The introduction of a phosphate group
26
What is dephosphorylation?
Loss of a phosphate group
27
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
A phosphate is transferred from a high-energy molecule to ADP. This is the direct production of ATP using in an enzyme
28
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Making ATP indirectly using enzymes, electron carrier molecules, and protein channels. Involves a series of redox reactions. The transfer of electrons open up special proton channels that helped create ATP.
29
What are redox reactions?
The partial transfer of electrons from one atom to another
30
What does O I L R I G stand for?
Oxidized is losing, reduction is gaining electrons
31
What is creatine phosphate?
Energy is stored in this form in muscle cells. ATP is created quickly because the enzymes creatine kinase mediates ATP production's from the high-energy molecule creatine phosphate by an anaerobic reaction
32
List the order of energy sources used in the body
Primary is glucose from carbs, secondary is fats, tertiary is proteins only in times of need
33
What is anaerobic?
No oxygen required. Also known as fermentation
34
What is aerobic?
Oxygen is required
35
What is cellular respiration?
The breakdown of glucose
36
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
1 Glucose plus 6 oxygen yields 6 carbon dioxide plus 6 water plus 36 ATP
37
What are the four stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
38
Describe glycolysis
Splitting the six carbon glucose molecule down into two 3 carbon glucose molecules called pyruvate. It is anaerobic, exothermic, catabolic.
39
Are the key phases of glycolysis?
Energy investment, energy pay off
40
How is ATP made in glycolysis?
Substrate level phosphorylation
41
How many steps are in glycolysis?
10
42
What are the initial reactants and glycolysis?
2 ATP, 1 glucose, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP
43
What are the final products of glycolysis?
4 ATP for immediate use, 2 pyruvate which move on to pyruvate oxidation, 2 NADH which move into the mitochondria for the electron transport chain and 2 water molecules as waste
44
What is pyruvate oxidation?
Reactions which break the three carbon pyruvate molecules down into two carbon molecules called acetyl co-a . Aerobic, catabolic, exothermic
45
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
46
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
47
What are the initial reactants for pyruvate oxidation?
2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 co-a
48
What are the final products of pyruvate oxidation?
2 co-a that enter the Krebs cycle, 2 NADH go to ETC, 2 carbon dioxide is waste
49
Describe the Krebs cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose. Aerobic, catabolic, exothermic
50
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
51
What are the initial reactants of the Krebs cycle?
1 OAA, 1 acetyl co-a, 1 ADP, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD+
52
What are the final products of the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH goes to ETC, 1 FADH2 goes to ETC, 1 ATP for immediate use, 1 OAA to restore cycle, 2 carbon dioxide as waste, 1 water as waste. All products are multiplied by two as the cycle turns twice
53
What is the electron transport chain?
Removes energy stored in the NADH and FADH. All reactions are redox reactions. Each electron transfer step is energetically favorable. Each carrier in the chain has a higher electronegativity then the carrier before it. Electrons from NADH and FADH lose energy by each electron carrier. Final electron accepter is oxygen as it is most electronegative. It is an aerobic process.
54
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
The inner mitochondrial membrane also known as the cristae
55
What are the initial reactants of the electron transport chain?
10 NADH, 2 FADH2
56
What are the final products of the electron transport chain?
32 ATP for immediate use, 2 water as waste
57
What is Chemiosmosis?
The facilitated diffusion of protons down the concentration gradient
58
What is NADH?
Energy carrier that transfers high-energy electrons to ATC. Makes 3 ATP per 1 NADH because three proton pumps are activated since electrons are transferred at complex 1
59
What is FADH2?
Energy carrier that transfers high-energy electrons to ETC. Makes ATP indirectly. Creates 2 ATP per 1 FADH2 because two proton pumps are activated since electrons are transferred Q
60
What is metabolism?
The sum of all reactions in the body, catabolism plus anabolism

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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