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Biology 12 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monitor component?

A

Special sensors that detect changes in stimuli

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2
Q

What is the coordinating Center component?

A

Receive signals from sensors. Acts as a control center where it’s at the range within which a variable should be maintained. Relays information to the regulator

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3
Q

What is the effector component?

A

Response to signals which restores the system to normal

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4
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

System that amplifies a small change to accomplish a task fast. This is less common in the body. An example is childbirth

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5
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

Process to restore conditions their original state. It ensures that small changes don’t become too large. An example is body temperature

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6
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Maintaining a body temperature within the range that enables a cell to function efficiently. Organisms Thermoregulate differently.

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7
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites are branching projections that conduct impulses to cell body of the neuron, there’s a cell body and a nucleus, the axon is an elongated projection that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of a neuron, there is a nerve ending

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8
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

Conduct impulses to the central nervous system

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9
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

Conduct impulses away from the central nervous system towards muscles and glands

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10
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

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11
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Support cells, bringing the cells of nervous tissue together structurally and functionally

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12
Q

What is MS?

A

Characterized by myelin loss in central nerve fibers and resulting conduction impairments

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13
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Rapid predictable and involuntary responses to stimuli

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14
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Direct route from a sensory neuron to an interneuron to an effector

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15
Q

What are nerve impulses?

A

Self propagating wave or electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane. Sometimes called action potentials

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16
Q

What is a threshold level?

A

Minimum level of a stimulus required to produce a response

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17
Q

What is the all or none response?

A

Never responds completely or not at all

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18
Q

What are the four steps to stimulating and nerve?

A

Neurons at rest, exciting a nerve impulse, returning to rest, nerve impulse propagation

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19
Q

Describe the first step to stimulating a nerve?

A

There is an electrochemical difference that exists between the inside and outside of the cell, this is called polarization. At rest the neurons membrane is slightly positive on the outside from a slight excess of sodium ions this is known as the resting potential

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20
Q

Describe the second step to stimulating a nerve

A

Stimulus indicates response by receptor this is known as excitation. Inward movement of the sodium ions depolarizes the membrane by making the inside more positive, this is called depolarization. This nerve impulse called the action potential is propagated over the entire axon.

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21
Q

Describe the third step to stimulating a nerve

A

The stimulated section of the membrane immediately repolarizes. Repolarization occurs through the sodium potassium pump restoring the original configuration. This requires ATP

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22
Q

Describe the fourth step to stimulating a nerve

A

Nerve impulse propagation, moves in one direction self propagating action potential result down acts on like a wave

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23
Q

What is continuation of nerve impulse?

A

Axons and in terminals where they are separated from the next neuron by a gap called synapse. Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another next. Neurotransmitters are released from the axon to bind to specific receptor molecules on the dendrite of the next neuron

24
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another

25
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

26
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates body’s internal environment by controlling hormone secretion from pituitary gland

27
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Anything that is not the brain and spinal cord. Made of the somatic and autonomic system

28
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary control

29
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary control. Composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic system

30
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Activated in stressful situations. Norepinephrine release to activate stress response. Flight

31
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Activated at rest to maintain calm. Acetylcholine is released to deactivate stress response. Fight

32
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Releases chemical messengers called hormones

33
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Transport hormones to target issues via bloodstream

34
Q

What are chemical hormones?

A

Steroid hormones and water-soluble hormones

35
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Lipid based made from cholesterol. Easily pass through cell membrane. Activates protein synthesis

36
Q

What are water-soluble hormones?

A

Amino acid-based. Combine with receptors on the target cell membrane. Activates enzymes

37
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes externally. Requires the interactions of several body systems

38
Q

What is the antidiuretic hormone?

A

Increases water reabsorption by kidneys. Produced in the hypothalamus, secreted by pituitary gland, target cells in the kidneys

39
Q

What is insulin?

A

increases permeability of cells to glucose. Used by beta cells in the pancreas, target cells are most body cells

40
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Brings about an increase in blood sugar. Produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, target cells are liver and body cells

41
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Brings about an increase in blood sugar. Produced by adrenal medulla. Target cells are body cells involved and flight or fight response

42
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Decrease sodium and water loss in urine by returning it to the blood. Produced by adrenal cortex. Target cells in the kidneys

43
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

Excretion of metabolic nitrogenous waste, maintenance of water salt balance and acid-base balance in blood, secretion of hormones

44
Q

What are the six parts of the nephron?

A

Glomerus, proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, Ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

45
Q

What is the glomerus do?

A

Filters small solutes from the blood

46
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

A

Reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients, removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH

47
Q

What does the descending loop of Henle do?

A

Allows water to pass from the filtrate into interstitial fluid

48
Q

What does the ascending loop of Henle do?

A

Reabsorb sodium and chlorine ions from the filtrate into interstitial fluid

49
Q

What does the distal tubule do?

A

Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain pH and electrolyte balance

50
Q

What does the collecting duct do?

A

Reabsorbs solutes and water from filtrate

51
Q

What are the four steps of urine formation?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

52
Q

Describe the first step in urine formation

A

Filtration: Solutes such as water, sodium, chloride, glucose amino acids, and hydrogen ions made by passive and active transport from glomerulus to Bowmans capsule. Plasma protein, blood cells and platelets are too large to move through and they remain in the blood

53
Q

Describe the second step urine formation

A

Reabsorption: Reabsorption of water and ions, creates an osmotic gradient, as water is reabsorbed remaining solute becomes more concentrated

54
Q

Describe the third step of urine formation

A

Secretion: movement of unfiltered wastes for expiration to renal pelvis. Last chance for removal of substances and to control blood pH

55
Q

Describe the fourth step of urine formation

A

Excretion: urine moves from collecting ducts through the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder

56
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

Reduces reabsorption of water and salt, increases urination

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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