Biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What is cell theory?
A
The basic unit of structure and function in all living things. All living things are composed of one or more cells. Come from pre-existing cells.
2
Q
What is an atom?
A
Basic unit of matter
3
Q
What are molecules?
A
Atoms held together by chemical bonds.
4
Q
What are intramolecular bonds?
A
The bonds within a molecule
5
Q
What are intermolecular bonds?
A
The bonds between molecules
6
Q
Which are stronger, intramolecular or intermolecular bonds?
A
Intramolecular
7
Q
What are ionic bonds?
A
Transfer of electrons
8
Q
What are covalent bonds?
A
Sharing of electrons
9
Q
What is non-polar?
A
Equal sharing of electrons
10
Q
What is polar?
A
Unequal sharing of electrons
11
Q
What is electronegativity?
A
The strength of attraction an atom has for its electrons in a covalent bond.
12
Q
What electronegativity values classify non-polar, polar and ionic?
A
Below 0.5 is non-polar
Between 0.5 and 1.7 is polar
Above 1.7 is ionic
13
Q
What is an electrolyte?
A
A molecule with free ions, containing both positively and negatively charged ions. Crucial for hydration, regulating fluids, muscle and nerve function.
14
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The tendency of a cell to regulate its internal conditions. The ability of a cell to maintain a condition of equilibrium of stability.
15
Q
What are London forces?
A
Simultaneous attraction between the electrons and the nucleus in an adjacent molecule. Inter
16
Q
What are dipole-dipole forces?
A
Partial positive charge of one molecule is attracted to the partial negative in another molecule. Inter
17
Q
What is hydrogen bonding?
A
Involves electropositive hydrogen atom bonded to electronegative N, O or F. Small H = close = short = strong bonds
18
Q
What is hydrophilic?
A
Water loving
19
Q
What is hydrophobic?
A
Water fearing
20
Q
What is miscible?
A
Able to dissolve
21
Q
What is immiscible?
A
Unable to dissolve
22
Q
What type of bond does water have?
A
Polar covalent
23
Q
What are the five properties of water?
A
Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat capacity, high specific heat of vaporization, high density
24
Q
What is cohesion?
A
When water forms H bonds with one another
25
What is adhesion?
When water forms H bonds with other polar molecules
26
What is high specific heat capacity?
Hydrogen bonding causes water to absorb a large amount of heat before temp will increase
27
What is high specific heat of vaporization?
Hydrogen bonding causes water to absorb large amounts of heat to become a gas
28
What is high density of water?
As water freezes, H bonds spread the molecules apart, reducing the density below liquid. Ice is less dense than water.
29
What is an acid?
Release hydronium ions in water. pH below 7.
30
What are some characteristics of life?
Cells, ability to reproduce, require energy, produce waste, DNA, RNA, respond to stimuli, movement, growth, gases, natural selection
31
What is a base?
Release hydroxide ions in water, pH above 7
32
What is pH?
Measures the amount of hydrogen protons in a substance and the strength of an acid.
33
What are buffers?
Work to resist large changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or a base. Composed of a weak acids and its conjugate base.
34
What is the protein buffer system?
Include basic and acidic groups acting as hydrogen depletes or donors to maintain the pH level at 7.4 in the blood
35
What is the bicarbonate buffer system?
Can donate or remove an H ion from a solution to control and regulate pH.
36
What is metabolic acidosis?
Lots of acidic compounds in the blood stream
37
What is respiratory acidosis?
Build up of dissolved carbon dioxide
38
What is metabolism?
The sum of all the reactions in the body. Anabolic plus catabolic
39
What is anabolic?
Building large molecules
40
What is catabolic?
Breaking large molecules
41
What is a nutrient?
A specific substance found in food that performs a function in the body such as providing energy, building and repairing cells, regulating body processes
42
What is an organic compound?
Contains C, H, O. Include macronutrients
43
What is an inorganic compound?
Does not contain C, H, O. Includes micronutrients
44
What are macromolecules?
Carbs, proteins, fats and nucleic acids
45
What is a monomer?
One part. Subunit. Building blocks
46
What is a polymer?
Many parts, chain of subunits. Groups of monomers joined together to form large molecules
47
What are functional groups?
Clusters of atoms that behave in particular ways. Determines physical and chemical properties
48
What are hydrocarbons?
Have a methyl group
49
What are alcohols?
Have a hydroxyl group
50
What are carbonyls?
Have a aldehyde, keytone or carboxyl group
51
What are amines?
Have an amino group (NH2)
52
What is dehydration synthesis
It is an anabolic reaction. It requires energy as new bonds are being formed. Involves breaking functional groups of two molecules. Strings monomers together by removing water. The equation is two monosaccharides yields a disaccharide plus water
53
What is hydrolysis
It is a catabolic reaction. It releases energy because bonds are breaking. Involves reforming the functional groups of two molecules. Water splitting. Break polymers into monomers by adding water. The equation is a disaccharide plus water yields two monosaccharides
54
What are some sources of carbohydrates
Fruits vegetables breads grains wheat
55
What is the role of a carbohydrate
It is the primary source of energy. It also contributes to cell membranes
56
What are the type of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
57
Listen example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
Glucose, sucrose, cellulose
58
Where are carbohydrates stored?
They are stored in the muscle or the liver, excess stored as glycogen, fat or cholesterol
59
What are the functional groups for a carbohydrate
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl
60
What is fibre?
Undigested carbohydrates from plant matter. For example humans cannot digest cellulose however it is still very useful for functions such as cleaning the digestive track
61
What are a source of fats?
Dairy, butter, meat, oil
62
What is the role of fats?
Energy, cell membrane, hormones, lubricating joints, insulation
63
What are the types of fats?
Waxes, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
64
Where are fat stored?
Adipose tissue
65
What are the functional groups for fats?
Hydroxyl, carboxyl
66
What are waxes?
Hydrophobic molecules
67
What are triglycerides?
Main component of oil and animal fats. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in no fixed ratio. Energy storage. Stored as adipose tissue. Made of three fatty acid plus one glycerol
68
What are phospholipids?
They form cell membranes. Made of two fatty acids, one glycerol, and one phosphate group
69
Describe the structure of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic head, two hydrophobic tails
70
What are steroids?
They form hormones like testosterone and cholesterol
71
What is saturated?
Saturated fats have single bonds. They contain the maximum amount of hydrogens. Chains like closely together and tightly packed. They are solid at room temperature
72
What is unsaturated?
At least one double bond. Less than the maximum amount of hydrogen. Chains are kinked and loosely packed. Liquid at room temperature
73
What is trans fat?
Created one hydrogens are added to an unsaturated fat and the molecule no longer kinks. Achieved through a process called hydrogenation
74
What is hydrogenation?
The process where hydrogens are added to reduce the quantity of double bonds. This can improve the shelf life of foods
75
What is a source of proteins?
Meat, cheese, eggs, nuts, milk, soy beans
76
What is the role of proteins? Give an example of a protein to go with each role
Structure, storage, transport, defense, enzymes
| Keratin, albumin, hemoglobin, antibodies, amalase
77
What is the subunit of proteins?
Amino acids
78
How many amino acids are there?
20
79
What are the types of proteins?
Proteins can be fibrous or globular. Many amino acids covalently bonded by peptide bonds to form long chains called polypeptides. Different amino acids are brought in to form different proteins.
80
What are the functional groups on a protein?
Carboxyl, amino
81
What is denaturing a protein?
The unraveling of a protein. Chemical and environmental factors can cause proteins to denature and lose their function
82
What are the four levels of protein organization?
Primary when many amino acids come together to form peptides covalently bonded together. Secondary when peptides begin to fold and coil to take the shape of Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet. Tertiary when the shape of the polypeptides become specific to the function. Quaternary when many polypeptides come together to form a larger functional protein
83
What is the role of nucleic acid's?
To store and transmit hereditary information, energy molecule
84
What are some types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA, ATP. Nucleic acids are made of monomers of nucleotides.
85
What are the functional groups on a nucleic acid?
Hydroxyl, phosphate, amino
86
What is a nucleotide?
Made of phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
87
What are the bonds holding each part of DNA together?
Between the bases are hydrogen bonds. Between a base and a sugar are glycosidic bonds. Between a sugar and phosphate are phosphodiester bonds
88
What is DNA?
Deoxyribose nucleic acid. It's stores are genetic code.
89
What are the bases of DNA?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
90
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix, two strands running antiparallel
91
How many hydrogen bonds hold each bases together?
A + T are held together by two hydrogen bonds.
| G + C are held together by three hydrogen bonds.
92
What is some important information about the cell membrane?
Controls what is entering and exiting the cell. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it allows some substances to pass more easily than others. It is made largely a phospholipids and proteins. Phospholipids are arranged as a bilayer.
93
What is the mitochondria?
A double membrane structure. The inner membrane is folded into projections called cristae. The site of ATP synthesis and is called the powerhouse of the cell
94
What are ribosomes?
The protein builders of the cell
95
Describe the path of macromolecule transport
They travel from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus to vesicles to the cell membrane
96
What does the fluid Mosaic model refer to?
Refers to cell membranes. The fluid refers to the fluid and flexible cell membranes. The mosaic of proteins are a collage of membrane proteins and other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer.
97
what is passive transport?
The movement of molecules with the concentration gradient where no energy is required
98
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of small nonpolar molecules
99
What is facilitated diffusion?
When protein channels help move specific molecules through the cell membrane
100
What is osmosis?
When water diffuses across the membrane from a high concentration to low concentration. Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing the total solutes concentrations
101
What is osmotic gradient?
The different concentrations on the two sides of the cell membrane
102
What is an isotonic state?
Equal solute equal water. The solute concentration inside the cell equals the solute concentration outside the cell. Molecules at equilibrium
103
What is a hypertonic state?
More solute, less water. Higher solute concentration outside this up. As a result sell loses water to solution. This causes dehydration and shrinking of the cell
104
What is a hypotonic state?
Less solute, more water. Lower solute concentration outside the cell. As a result the cell gains water from solution. Cell swells and will burst. This can come from a lack of salt
105
What is active transport?
The movement of materials against the concentration gradient. Energy is needed.
106
What is endocytosis?
Moving large molecules into the cell using vacuoles or vesicles. The three types are Pinocytosis and phagocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis
107
What is Pinocytosis?
Cell drinking. Takes in droplet of extracellular fluid with dissolved molecules
108
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating. Takes in extracellular fluid with larger molecules of bacteria or bits of organic matter
109
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
Specific molecules attached to receptors on the cell membrane and are taken in
110
What is exocytosis?
Large molecules within the cell are transported out
